Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality

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290 R. Fischer and U. Kües Pöggeler S (2002) Genomic evidence for mating abilities in the asexual pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Curr Genet 42:153–160 Polak E (1999) Asexual sporulation in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Polak E, Hermann R, Kües U, Aebi M (1997a) Asexual sporulation in Coprinus cinereus: structureanddevelopment of oidiophores and oidia in an Amut Bmut homokaryon. Fungal Genet Biol 22:112–126 Polak E, Kües U, Aebi M (1997b) Replica plating of Coprinus cinereus colonies using asexual spores. Fungal Genet Newslett 44:45–46 Polak E, Aebi M, Kües U (2001) Morphological variations in oidium formation in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Mycol Res 105:603–610 Pontecorvo G, Roper JA, Hemmons LM, MacDonald KD, Bufton AWJ (1953) The genetics of Aspergillus nidulans. Adv Genet 5:141–238 Prade R, Timberlake WE (1993) The Aspergillus nidulans brlA regulatory locus consists of two overlapping transcription units that are individually required for conidiophore development. EMBO J 12:2439–2447 Prade RA, Timberlake WE (1994) The Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans wetA developmental regulatory genes are functionally equivalent. Mol Gen Genet 244:539–547 Rao PS, Niederpruem DJ (1969) Carbohydrate metabolism during morphogenesis of Coprinus lagopus.JBacteriol 100:1222–1228 Rerngsamran P, Murphy MB, Doyle SA, Ebbole DJ (2005) Fluffy, the major regulator of conidiation in Neurospora crassa, directly activates a developmentally regulated hydrophobin gene. Mol Microbiol 56:282–297 Roberts AN, Yanofsky C (1989) Genes expressed during conidiation in Neurospora crassa – characterization of con-8. Nucleic Acids Res 17:197–214 Roberts AN, Berlin V, Hager KM, Yanofsky C (1988) Molecular analysis of a Neurospora crassa gene expressed during conidiation. Mol Cell Biol 8:2411–2418 Roncal T, Ugalde U (2003) Conidiation induction in Penicillium. Res Microbiol 154:539–546 Rosén S, Yu J-H, Adams TH (1999) The Aspergillus nidulans sfaD gene encodes a G protein β subunit that is required for normal growth and repression of sporulation. EMBO J 18:5592–5600 Rossier C, Oulevey N, Turian G (1973) Electron microscopy of selectively stimulated microconidiogenesis in wild type Neurospora crassa. Arch Microbiol 91:345–353 Ruoff P, Slewa I (2002) Circadian period lengths of lipid synthesis mutants (cel, chol-1) ofNeurospora show defective temperature, but intact pH-compensation. Chronobiol Int 19:517–529 Ruoff P, Behzadi A, Hauglid M, Vinsjevik M, Havas H (2000) pH homeostasis of the circadian sporulation rhythm in clock mutants of Neurospora crassa.ChronobiolInt 17:733–750 Russo VEA, Pandit NN (1992) Development in Neurospora crassa. In: Russo VEA, Brody S, Cove D, Ottolenghi S (eds) Development. The molecular genetic approach. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 88–102 Sage RF (2002) How terrestrial organisms sense, signal, and respond to carbon dioxide. Int Comp Biol 42:469–480 Scherer M, Fischer R (1998) Purification and characterization of laccase II of Aspergillus nidulans. ArchMicrobiol 170:78–84 Schier N, Fischer R (2002) The Aspergillus nidulans cyclin PclA accumulates in the nucleus and interacts with the central cell cycle regulator NimX(Cdc2). FEBS Lett 523:143–146 Schier N, Liese R, Fischer R (2001) A pcl-like cyclin of Aspergillus nidulans is transcriptionally activated by developmental regulators and is involved in sporulation. Mol Cell Biol 21:4075–4088 Schuren FHJ (1999) Atypical interactions between thn and wild-type mycelia of Schizophyllum commune. Mycol Res 103:1540–1544 Schuurs TA, Dalstra HJP, Scheer JMJ, Wessels JGH (1998) Positioning of nuclei in the secondary mycelium of Schizophyllum commune in relation to differential gene expression. Fungal Genet Biol 23:150–161 Schwerdtfeger C, Linden H (2003) VIVID is a flavoprotein andservesasafungalbluelightphotoreceptorfor photoadaptation. EMBO J 22:4846–4855 Seo JA, Han KH, Yu JH (2004) The gprA and gprB genes encode putative G protein-coupled receptors required for self-fertilization in Aspergillus nidulans. MolMicrobiol 53:1611–1623 Sewall TC (1994) Cellular effects of misscheduled brlA, abaA, andwetA expression in Aspergillus nidulans. Can J Microbiol 40:1035–1042 Sewall TC, Mims CW, Timberlake WE (1990) Conidium differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans wild-type and wet-white (wet) mutant strains. Dev Biol 138:499–508 Shi Z, Leung H (1995) Genetic analysis of sporulation in Magnaporthe grisea by chemical and insertional mutagenesis. Mol Plant Microb Interact 8:949–959 Shimizu K, Keller NP (2001) Genetic involvement of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a G protein signaling pathway regulating morphological and chemical transitions in Aspergillus nidulans. Genetics 157:591–600 Shrode LB, Lewis ZA, White LD, Bell-Pedersen D, Ebbole DJ (2001) vvd is required for light adaptation of conidiation-specific genes of Neurospora crassa, but not circadian conidiation. Fungal Genet Biol 32:169–181 Siegel RW, Matsuyama SS, Urey JC (1968) Induced macroconidia formation in Neurospora crassa. Experientia 24:1179–1181 Skromne I, Sánchez O, Aguirre J (1995) Starvation stress modulates the expression of the Aspergillus nidulans brlA regulatory gene. Microbiology 141:21–28 Smart MG, Howard KM, Bothast RJ (1992) Effect of carbondioxideonsporulationofAlternaria crassa and Alternaria cassiae. Mycopathologia 118:167–171 Som T, Kolaparthi VSR (1994) Developmental decisions in Aspergillus nidulans are modulated by ras activity. Mol Cell Biol 14:5333–5348 Springer ML (1993) Genetic control of fungal differentiation: the three sporulation pathways of Neurospora crassa. Bioessays 15:365–374 Springer ML, Yanofsky C (1989) A morphological and genetic analysis of conidiophore development in Neurospora crassa. Genes Dev 3:559–571
Stennett PJ, Begss PJ (2004) Alternaria spores in the atmosphere of Sydney, Australia, and relationships with meteorological factors. Int J Biometeorol 49:98–105 Stoldt VR, Sonneborn A, Leuker CE, Ernst JF (1997) Efg1p, an essential regulator of morphogenesis of the human pathogenCandida albicans,isamemberofaconserved class of bHLH proteins regulating morphogenetic processes in fungi. EMBO J 16:1982–1991 Stringer MA, Timberlake WE (1994) dewA encodes a fungal hydrophobin component of the Aspergillus spore wall. Mol Microbiol 16:33–44 Stringer MA, Dean RA, Sewall TC, Timberlake WE (1991) Rodletless, anewAspergillus developmental mutant induced by directed gene inactivation. Genes Dev 5:1161–1171 Suelmann R, Sievers N, Galetzka D, Robertson L, Timberlake WE, Fischer R (1998) Increased nuclear traffic chaos in hyphae of apsB mutants of Aspergillus nidulans: molecular characterization of apsB and in vivo observation of nuclear behaviour. Mol Microbiol 30:831– 842 Tan KK (1974) Red-far-red reversible photoreaction in the recovery form blue-light inhibition of sporulation in Botrytis cinerea. J Gen Microbiol 82:201–202 Terashima K, Yuki K, Muraguchi H, Akiyama M, Kamada T (2005) The dst1 gene involved in mushroom photomorphogenesis of Coprinus cinereus encodes a putative photoreceptor for blue light. Genetics 117:101–108 Timberlake WE (1993) Translational triggering and feedback fixation in the control of fungal development. Plant Cell 5:1453–1460 Todd RB, Greenhalgh JR, Hynes MJ, Andrianopoulos A (2003) TupA, the Penicillium marneffei Tup1p homologue, represses both yeast and spore development. Mol Microbiol 48:85–94 Troutt C, Levetin E (2001) Correlation of spring spore concentrations and meteorological conditions in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Int J Biometeorol 45:64–74 Tsitsigiannis DI, Kowieski TM, Zarnowski R, Keller NP (2004a) Endogenous lipogenic regulators of spore balance in Aspergillus nidulans. Eukaryot Cell 3:1398– 1411 Tsitsigiannis DI, Zarnowski R, Keller NP (2004b) The lipid body protein, PpoA, coordinates sexual and asexual sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans. J Biol Chem 279:11344–11353 Tsitsigiannis DI, Kowieski TM, Zarnowski R, Keller NP (2005) Three putative oxylipin biosynthetic genes integrate sexual and asexual development in Aspergillus nidulans. Microbiology 151:1809–1821 Tuncher A, Reinke H, Martic G, Caruso ML, Brakhage AA (2004) A basic-region helix-loop-helix proteinencoding gene (devR) involved in the development of Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 52:364–372 Tymon AM, Kües U, Richardson WVJ, Casselton LA (1992) A fungal mating type protein that regulates sexual and asexual development contains a POU-related domain. EMBO J 11:1805–1813 Tzung KW, William RM, Scherer S, Federspiel N, Jones T, Hansen N, Bivolarevic V, Huizar L, Komp C, Surzycki R et al. (2001) Genomic evidence for a complete sexual cycle in Candida albicans. ProcNatlAcadSciUSA 98:3249–3253 Fungal Asexual Sporulation 291 Ulevicius V, Peciulyte D, Lugauskas A, Andriejauskiene J (2004) Field study on changes in viability of airborne fungal propagules exposed to UV radiation. Environ Toxicol 19:437–441 Van Maanen A, Gourbière F (2000) Balance between colonization and fructification in fungal dynamics control: a case study of Lophodermium pinastri on Pinus sylvestris needles. Mycol Res 104:587–594 Van Maanen A, Debouzie D, Gourbière F (2000) Distribution of three fungi colonizing fallen Pinus sylvestris needles along altitudinal transects. Mycol Res 104:1133–1138 Veith D, Scherr N, Efimov VP, Fischer R (2005) Role of the spindle-pole body protein ApsB and the cortex protein ApsA in microtubule organization and nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans. J Cell Sci 118:3705– 3716 Virginia M, Appleyard CL, McPheat WL, Stark MJ (2000) A novel two-component protein containing histidine kinase and response regulator domains required for sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 37:364–372 von Arx JA (1981) The genera of fungi sporulating in pure culture. Cramer, Vaduz, Liechtenstein Vossler J (2001) Penicillium marneffei: an emerging fungal pathogen. Clin Microbiol Newslett 23:25–29 Walser PJ (1997) Environmental regulation of asexual sporulation and fruit body formation in the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus. Blue light induction and circadian rhythmicity of asexual sporulation. Nutritional control and carbon repression of oidiation and fruiting. MSc Thesis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Walser PJ, Velagapudi R, Aebi M, Kües U (2003) Extracellular matrix proteins in mushroom development. Recent Res Dev Microbiol 7:381–415 Watling R (1979) The morphology, variation and ecological significance of anamorphs in the Agaricales. In: Kendrick B (ed) The whole fungus, vol 2. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada, pp 453– 472 Wei H, Requena N, Fischer R (2003) The MAPKK-kinase SteC regulates conidiophore morphology and is essential for heterokaryon formation and sexual development in the homothallic fungus Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 47:1577–1589 Weismann A (1904) The evolution theory. Arnold, London, UK Wheeler M, Guerrero-Plata A, Rico G, Torres-Guerrero H (2000) Biosynthesis and functions of melanin in Sporothrix schenckii. Infect Immun 68:3696–3703 White BT, Yanofsky C (1993) Structural characterization and expression analysis of the Neurospora conidiation gene con-6. Dev Biol 160:254–264 WongS,FaresMA,ZimmermannW,ButlerG,WolfeKH (2003) Evidence fromcomparative genomics for a complete sexual cycle in the “asexual” pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata. Gen Biol 4:R10 Wu J, Miller BL (1997) Aspergillus asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction are differentially affected by transcriptional and translational mechanisms regulating stunted gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 17:6191– 6201
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The Mycota Edited by K. Esser
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The Mycota A Comprehensive Treatise
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Karl Esser (born 1924) is retired P
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VIII Series Preface Class: Saccharo
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Addendum to the Series Preface In e
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XIV Volume Preface to the First Edi
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XVI Volume Preface to the Second Ed
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XVIII Contents Reproductive Process
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XX List of Contributors André Flei
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Vegetative Processes and Growth
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4 K.J. Boyce and A. Andrianopoulos
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22 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. I
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24 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. F
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26 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. 2
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28 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. M
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30 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. a
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32 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. t
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34 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. H
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36 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. T
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38 S.D. Harris dle organization tha
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40 S.D. Harris 2001; Borkovich et a
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42 S.D. Harris terized in A. nidula
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44 S.D. Harris astral microtubules
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46 S.D. Harris entry, and the CDK N
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48 S.D. Harris and Hamer 1997), the
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50 S.D. Harris Murray AW (2004) Rec
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4 Apical Wall Biogenesis J.H. Siets
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fungi can be regarded as “tube-dw
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In agreement with an essential role
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Kopecka and Gabriel 1992). They als
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nearly all the label was present in
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ingredients such as wall components
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in membrane enlargement and exocyto
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sis occurs, coinciding with a gradi
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pling of two (1-3)-alpha-glucan seg
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Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1977) Chem
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5 The Fungal Cell Wall J.P. Latgé
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polymers (chitosan) and glucuronic
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Whereas the structural branched β1
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their structural role in the cell w
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eight chitin synthases of A. fumiga
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Characterization of the chs4 mutant
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Fig. 5.8. Experimental data and hyp
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Fig. 5.9. Elongation of the mannan
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end of linear β1,3 glucans, and tr
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Fig. 5.12. Signal transduction in f
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shock,lowosmolarityaswellasotherfac
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ditions. Accordingly, enzymes and r
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Calonge TM, Arellano M, Coll PM, Pe
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Hiura N, Nakajima T, Matsuda K (198
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Martin-Yken H, Dagkessamanskaia A,
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Saporito-Irwin SM, Birse CE, Sypher
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6 Septation and Cytokinesis in Fung
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Septation in Fungi 107 Table. 6.1.
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Fig. 6.1. Selection of a cell divis
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Calderone, Chap. 5, this volume, an
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permissive temperature, multiple se
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eports suggested such a function fo
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understood mechanism of mitotic exi
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Implication in cytokinesis in Sacch
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Trinci APJ, Morris NR (1979) Morpho
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124 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner ter
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126 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner 188
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128 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Fig
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130 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner sub
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132 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner dur
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134 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner G1
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136 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Bri
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138 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Mat
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8 Heterogenic Incompatibility in Fu
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Fungal Heterogenic Incompatibility
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B. Genetic Control The genetic back
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active phenotype het-s. The neutral
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Table. 8.1. (continued) Fungal Hete
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is a complex genetic trait controll
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indicate how speciation may be init
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ility controlled by multiple allele
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dependonthematingtypegenes,wasobser
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6. Relation with Histo-Incompatibil
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Semi-Incompatibilität. Z Indukt Ab
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Micali CO, Smith ML (2003) On the i
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Vilgalys RJ, Miller OK (1987) Matin
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168 B.C.K. Lu (Esser et al. 1980; K
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170 B.C.K. Lu enterthePCDpathway,wi
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172 B.C.K. Lu et al. 2004). It is l
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174 B.C.K. Lu (MMP), through ruptur
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176 B.C.K. Lu Fig. 9.1. Effects of
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178 B.C.K. Lu drial fission during
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180 B.C.K. Lu Although the cytologi
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182 B.C.K. Lu be arrested at diffus
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184 B.C.K. Lu Harris MH, Thompson C
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186 B.C.K. Lu oxygen species, in Kl
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10 Senescence and Longevity H.D. Os
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the amplification of plDNA is not a
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GRISEA is an orthologue of the yeas
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Fig. 10.3. Copper delivery to the c
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have been identified, for example,
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Kück U, Stahl U, Esser K (1981) Pl
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Signals in Growth and Development
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204 U. Ugalde II. Germination The p
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206 U. Ugalde Fig. 11.2.A-C Drawing
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208 U. Ugalde duction (Schimmel et
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210 U. Ugalde position, possibly in
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212 U. Ugalde Champe SP, Rao P, Cha
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12 Pheromone Action in the Fungal G
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sibly due to displacement of the hy
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all these compounds, the B-derivate
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shows the same activity in M. muced
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C. Oomycota In the non-mycotan phyl
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following sequence of events has be
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the standard Mendelian segregation
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Elliott CG, Knights BA (1981) Uptak
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constitutively transcribed but its
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234 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
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236 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
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Page 270 and 271: Reproductive Processes
Page 272 and 273: 264 R. Fischer and U. Kües 2. Chla
Page 274 and 275: 266 R. Fischer and U. Kües resourc
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Page 278 and 279: 270 R. Fischer and U. Kües pathway
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Page 286 and 287: 278 R. Fischer and U. Kües Table.
Page 288 and 289: 280 R. Fischer and U. Kües tein ki
Page 290 and 291: 282 R. Fischer and U. Kües nitroge
Page 292 and 293: 284 R. Fischer and U. Kües tion, t
Page 294 and 295: 286 R. Fischer and U. Kües Busch S
Page 296 and 297: 288 R. Fischer and U. Kües Jeffs L
Page 300 and 301: 292 R. Fischer and U. Kües Yamashi
Page 302 and 303: 294 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon tha
Page 304 and 305: 296 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon loc
Page 306 and 307: 298 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Tab
Page 308 and 309: 300 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
Page 310 and 311: 302 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mai
Page 312 and 313: 304 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mol
Page 314 and 315: 306 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon gen
Page 316 and 317: 308 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon int
Page 318 and 319: 310 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
Page 320 and 321: 312 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon pro
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Page 324 and 325: 316 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon 2.
Page 326 and 327: 318 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon in
Page 328 and 329: 320 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon be
Page 330 and 331: 322 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Lee
Page 332 and 333: 16 Fruiting-Body Development in Asc
Page 334 and 335: phae originating from the base of a
Page 336 and 337: Table. 16.1. (continued) Fruiting B
Page 338 and 339: (Raju 1992). When male-sterile muta
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Page 342 and 343: egular intervals; both effects requ
Page 344 and 345: the balance between sexual and asex
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(Catlett et al. 2003). Eleven genes
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negative mutation of KREV-1 resulte
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through MAP kinase modules to cell-
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The fact that fruiting-body formati
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Balestrini R, Mainieri D, Soragni E
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point mutation of the beta subunit
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Mitchell TK, Dean RA (1995) The cAM
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YamashiroCT,EbboleDJ,LeeBU,BrownRE,
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358 L.A. Casselton and M.P. Challen
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376 M. Feldbrügge et al. different
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378 M. Feldbrügge et al. Fig. 18.3
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380 M. Feldbrügge et al. et al. 20
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382 M. Feldbrügge et al. for unbia
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384 M. Feldbrügge et al. In U. may
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386 M. Feldbrügge et al. Neurospor
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388 M. Feldbrügge et al. Bernards
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390 M. Feldbrügge et al. O’Donne
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19 The Emergence of Fruiting Bodies
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2003; Kües et al. 2004) are the fi
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(Manachère 1988), C. cinereus (Tsu
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emergence of fruiting bodies. In th
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Rather, development is arrested in
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10 nm thick is highly insoluble and
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it has been suggested that hydropho
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expression in the stipe suggests th
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Cooper DNW, Boulianne RP, Charlton
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Lu BC (1974) Meiosis in Coprinus. R
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Takagi Y, Katayose Y, Shishido K (1
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20 Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi D. Zic
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Fig. 20.1. A-E Diagrammatic represe
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etween dispersed DNA repeats. In N.
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Fig. 20.2. Meiotic recombination. S
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mechanism whereby homologues locate
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An important component of the bouqu
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observed when the mammal LE compone
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A. Chromosome and Sister-Chromatid
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ascus plus ascospore morphogenesis
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syndrome)discoveredasageneinvolvedi
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Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe
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Rossignol J-L, Faugeron G (1995) MI
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Biosystematic Index Absidia glauca
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violaceum 153 Microsporum 149 Mimos
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Subject Index ABC transporter 382 a
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fluffy 270, 276 formin 8, 10, 13, 1
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MAT protein interaction 308, 315 ma
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sporangiophore 234, 242, 246-252, 2
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