Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality

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278 R. Fischer and U. Kües Table. 14.1. Analysis of fungal genomes for orthologues of developmental regulators known in A. nidulans to partic- ipate in conidiophore and conidia production (for specific regulator functions, see text) a Protein/fungus AbaA AcoB BrlA FlbA FlbC FlbD FluG MedA PhiA StuA WetA Ascomycota Aspergillus nidulans Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus oryzae Penicillium marneffei Penicillium chrysogenum Gibberella zeae Magnaporthe grisea Neurospora crassa Candida albicans Candida glabrata Debaromyces hansenii Eremothecium gossypii Kluyveromyces lactis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yarrowia lipolytica Schizosaccharomyces pombe Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans B-3501A Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans JEC21 796 aa 327 aa 432 aa 719 aa 354 aa 314 aa 865 aa 658 aa 182 aa 622 aa 555 aa 798 aa, 2.3e-247, 460/805 833 aa, 6.0e-200, 255/450 823 aa, 0.0, 407/823 322 aa, 4.2e-74, 164/332 323 aa, 6.3e-80, 166/329 427 aa, 8.0e-151, 281/435 422 aa, 1.3e-157, 286/433 719 aa, 2.2e-251, 509/730 720 aa, 2.6e-257, 507/722 ? ? 421 aa, e-130, 234/421 356 aa, 3.4e-104, 211/350 353 aa, 4.7e-107, 213/347 315 aa, 2.9e-98, 213/330 324 aa, 1.3e-104, 224/336 861 aa, 0.0, 601/867 864 aa, 0.0, 609/866 684 aa, 2.7e-214, 411/663 666 aa, 8.0e-172, 356/624 186 aa, 6.6e-53, 105/157 192 aa, 1.4e-41, 88/157 653 aa, 1.6e-90, 213/418 647 aa, 1.8e-160, 342/590 567 aa, 2.6e-145, 307/575 564 aa, 1.0e-143, 302/574 ? ? ? ? ? ? 632aa, e-160, 334/614 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 499aa, e-109, 245/522 X 277 aa, 5e-35, 83/221 X 286 aa, 4e-36, 81/205 1,175 aa, 3e-04, 31/90 743 aa, 9e-16, 132/542 435 aa, 3e-08, 55/191 555 aa, 1e-11, 38/86 791 aa, 1e-06, 28/60 624 aa, 7e-07, 27/60 486 aa, 3e-07, 28/60 801 aa, 4e-19, 54/126 417 aa, 4e-26, 81/230 X 738 aa, e-147, 285/518 290 aa, 5e-53, 104/175 X X 673 aa, 3e-51, 126/343 X 745 aa, e-137, 277/555 366 aa, 1e-46, 98/176 299 aa, 4e-39, 96/214 258 aa, 4e-26, 66/148 324 aa, 4e-30, 71/155 X X X X 607aa, 3e-35, 99/302 862 aa, e-171, 355/880 728 aa, 1e-83, 227/601 X 862 aa, 4e-57, 151/345 898 aa, e-166, 357/894 692 aa, 1e-70, 215/590 X 1,087 aa, 3e-39, 119/349 179 aa, 676 aa, 9e-29, 3e-65, 67/161, 148/326 plus additional three 189 aa, 3e-28, 72/161 198 aa, 1e-28, 71/162 612 aa, e-111, 246/563 643 aa, e-114, 263/557 X 549 aa, 5e-47, 139/415, plus an additional one X X X X X X X X 435aa, 3e-39, 91/187 X X X X 575aa, 8e-34, 69/109 X X X X 311aa, 5e-33, 66/109 X X X X 517aa, 4e-27, 74/192 X 652 aa, 3e-33, 89/221 X 593 aa, 5e-48, 152/422 X X X 678aa, 3e-40, 107/258 X X X 636aa, 1e-41, 93/200 X X X X X X X X 785aa, 6e-40, 83/147 227 aa, 2e-07, 47/196 X 492 aa, 6e-19, 112/502 X X X 481aa, 6e-32, 117/467 X 316 aa, 6e-13, 55/205 X 295 aa, 3e-12, 53/205 X 624 aa, 2e-70, 184/570 X 624 aa, 2e-70, 184/570 X 478 aa, X 361 aa, X 590 aa, X 1e-36, 4e-57, 1e-59, 100/281 117/237 159/366, plus an additional one X X X X X X X X X X 755 aa, 1e-54, 133/318 X X X 755 aa, 6e-55, 133/318 608 aa, 1e-12, 51/148 X 963 aa, 1e-11, 55/155 X X X X X X X X X X X X
Table. 14.1. (continued) Fungal Asexual Sporulation 279 Protein/fungus AbaA AcoB BrlA FlbA FlbC FlbD FluG MedA PhiA StuA WetA Coprinus cinereus b Ustilago maydis Zygomycota Rhizopus oryzae b Microsporidia Encephalitozoon cuniculi X X X 2e-58, 180/612 1,267 aa, 4e-23, 103/383 X X 737 aa, 3e-50, 120/348 X X X 2e-29, 78/205 X X X X X 208aa, 1e-19, 44/108 X X X 9e-40, 83/158 X X X 716 aa, 4e-59, 125/218 X X X 3e-48, 105/212 X X X X X X X 9e-35, 72/122 X X X X X a We usedthe A. nidulans proteins to search the published fungal genome sequences (http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/ fungi/) at the Broad Institute. Because a genome sequence is not yet available for any Penicillium species, we searched the NCBI database for homologous proteins in P. marneffei and P. chrysogenum. The number of amino acids, the e-value and the number of overlap in relation to the entire protein are displayed. Sequences which were similar only in conserved regions, such as DNA-binding motifs, were not considered b Species whose genomes are not yet annotated. Therefore, only a tblastN search was performed, without deducing the complete protein sequences. X, no hit; ?, no result, due to the lack of the genome sequence regulated by the major regulator of sporulation, the binuclear zinc finger transcription factor Fl (Bailey-Shrode and Ebbole 2004; Rerngsamran et al. 2005). Mutations in rco-1 coding for a Tup1 transcription factor fail to express conidiationspecific genes (Yamashiro et al. 1996; Lee and Ebbole 1998). The ncr-1 gene encodes a MAPKK kinase and the ncr-2 gene a serine-threonine pro- Fig. 14.7.A–D Micro- (Mi) andmacroconidia (Ma) formationinN. crassa. A–C DIC (differential interference contrast) images of conidiophores, taken by D. Veith. D SEM image showing the three spore types in high resolution (courtesy of C.E. Jeffree, M.G. Roca and N.D. Read, unpublished data). The scale bar represents 10 μm in A, C, 20μm in B and 3 μm in D X
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The Mycota Edited by K. Esser
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The Mycota A Comprehensive Treatise
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Karl Esser (born 1924) is retired P
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VIII Series Preface Class: Saccharo
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Addendum to the Series Preface In e
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XIV Volume Preface to the First Edi
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XVI Volume Preface to the Second Ed
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XVIII Contents Reproductive Process
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XX List of Contributors André Flei
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Vegetative Processes and Growth
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4 K.J. Boyce and A. Andrianopoulos
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22 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. I
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24 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. F
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26 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. 2
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28 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. M
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30 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. a
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32 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. t
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34 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. H
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36 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. T
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38 S.D. Harris dle organization tha
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40 S.D. Harris 2001; Borkovich et a
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42 S.D. Harris terized in A. nidula
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44 S.D. Harris astral microtubules
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46 S.D. Harris entry, and the CDK N
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48 S.D. Harris and Hamer 1997), the
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50 S.D. Harris Murray AW (2004) Rec
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4 Apical Wall Biogenesis J.H. Siets
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fungi can be regarded as “tube-dw
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In agreement with an essential role
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Kopecka and Gabriel 1992). They als
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nearly all the label was present in
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ingredients such as wall components
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in membrane enlargement and exocyto
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sis occurs, coinciding with a gradi
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pling of two (1-3)-alpha-glucan seg
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Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1977) Chem
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5 The Fungal Cell Wall J.P. Latgé
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polymers (chitosan) and glucuronic
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Whereas the structural branched β1
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their structural role in the cell w
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eight chitin synthases of A. fumiga
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Characterization of the chs4 mutant
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Fig. 5.8. Experimental data and hyp
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Fig. 5.9. Elongation of the mannan
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end of linear β1,3 glucans, and tr
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Fig. 5.12. Signal transduction in f
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shock,lowosmolarityaswellasotherfac
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ditions. Accordingly, enzymes and r
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Calonge TM, Arellano M, Coll PM, Pe
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Hiura N, Nakajima T, Matsuda K (198
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Martin-Yken H, Dagkessamanskaia A,
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Saporito-Irwin SM, Birse CE, Sypher
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6 Septation and Cytokinesis in Fung
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Septation in Fungi 107 Table. 6.1.
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Fig. 6.1. Selection of a cell divis
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Calderone, Chap. 5, this volume, an
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permissive temperature, multiple se
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eports suggested such a function fo
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understood mechanism of mitotic exi
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Implication in cytokinesis in Sacch
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Trinci APJ, Morris NR (1979) Morpho
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124 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner ter
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126 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner 188
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128 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Fig
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130 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner sub
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132 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner dur
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134 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner G1
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136 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Bri
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138 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Mat
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8 Heterogenic Incompatibility in Fu
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Fungal Heterogenic Incompatibility
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B. Genetic Control The genetic back
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active phenotype het-s. The neutral
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Table. 8.1. (continued) Fungal Hete
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is a complex genetic trait controll
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indicate how speciation may be init
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ility controlled by multiple allele
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dependonthematingtypegenes,wasobser
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6. Relation with Histo-Incompatibil
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Semi-Incompatibilität. Z Indukt Ab
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Micali CO, Smith ML (2003) On the i
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Vilgalys RJ, Miller OK (1987) Matin
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168 B.C.K. Lu (Esser et al. 1980; K
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170 B.C.K. Lu enterthePCDpathway,wi
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172 B.C.K. Lu et al. 2004). It is l
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174 B.C.K. Lu (MMP), through ruptur
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176 B.C.K. Lu Fig. 9.1. Effects of
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178 B.C.K. Lu drial fission during
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180 B.C.K. Lu Although the cytologi
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182 B.C.K. Lu be arrested at diffus
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184 B.C.K. Lu Harris MH, Thompson C
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186 B.C.K. Lu oxygen species, in Kl
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10 Senescence and Longevity H.D. Os
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the amplification of plDNA is not a
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GRISEA is an orthologue of the yeas
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Fig. 10.3. Copper delivery to the c
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have been identified, for example,
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Kück U, Stahl U, Esser K (1981) Pl
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Signals in Growth and Development
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204 U. Ugalde II. Germination The p
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206 U. Ugalde Fig. 11.2.A-C Drawing
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208 U. Ugalde duction (Schimmel et
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210 U. Ugalde position, possibly in
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212 U. Ugalde Champe SP, Rao P, Cha
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12 Pheromone Action in the Fungal G
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sibly due to displacement of the hy
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all these compounds, the B-derivate
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shows the same activity in M. muced
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C. Oomycota In the non-mycotan phyl
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Page 244 and 245: 234 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
Page 270 and 271: Reproductive Processes
Page 272 and 273: 264 R. Fischer and U. Kües 2. Chla
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Page 278 and 279: 270 R. Fischer and U. Kües pathway
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Page 282 and 283: 274 R. Fischer and U. Kües Timberl
Page 284 and 285: 276 R. Fischer and U. Kües PsiB le
Page 288 and 289: 280 R. Fischer and U. Kües tein ki
Page 290 and 291: 282 R. Fischer and U. Kües nitroge
Page 292 and 293: 284 R. Fischer and U. Kües tion, t
Page 294 and 295: 286 R. Fischer and U. Kües Busch S
Page 296 and 297: 288 R. Fischer and U. Kües Jeffs L
Page 298 and 299: 290 R. Fischer and U. Kües Pöggel
Page 300 and 301: 292 R. Fischer and U. Kües Yamashi
Page 302 and 303: 294 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon tha
Page 304 and 305: 296 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon loc
Page 306 and 307: 298 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Tab
Page 308 and 309: 300 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
Page 310 and 311: 302 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mai
Page 312 and 313: 304 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon mol
Page 314 and 315: 306 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon gen
Page 316 and 317: 308 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon int
Page 318 and 319: 310 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Fig
Page 320 and 321: 312 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon pro
Page 322 and 323: 314 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon B.
Page 324 and 325: 316 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon 2.
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Page 328 and 329: 320 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon be
Page 330 and 331: 322 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Lee
Page 332 and 333: 16 Fruiting-Body Development in Asc
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Table. 16.1. (continued) Fruiting B
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(Raju 1992). When male-sterile muta
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1. nsd (never in sexual development
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egular intervals; both effects requ
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the balance between sexual and asex
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ductionofeitherpheromoneisdirectlyc
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(Catlett et al. 2003). Eleven genes
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negative mutation of KREV-1 resulte
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through MAP kinase modules to cell-
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The fact that fruiting-body formati
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Balestrini R, Mainieri D, Soragni E
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point mutation of the beta subunit
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Mitchell TK, Dean RA (1995) The cAM
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YamashiroCT,EbboleDJ,LeeBU,BrownRE,
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358 L.A. Casselton and M.P. Challen
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376 M. Feldbrügge et al. different
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378 M. Feldbrügge et al. Fig. 18.3
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380 M. Feldbrügge et al. et al. 20
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382 M. Feldbrügge et al. for unbia
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384 M. Feldbrügge et al. In U. may
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386 M. Feldbrügge et al. Neurospor
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388 M. Feldbrügge et al. Bernards
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390 M. Feldbrügge et al. O’Donne
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19 The Emergence of Fruiting Bodies
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2003; Kües et al. 2004) are the fi
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(Manachère 1988), C. cinereus (Tsu
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emergence of fruiting bodies. In th
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Rather, development is arrested in
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10 nm thick is highly insoluble and
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it has been suggested that hydropho
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expression in the stipe suggests th
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Cooper DNW, Boulianne RP, Charlton
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Lu BC (1974) Meiosis in Coprinus. R
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Takagi Y, Katayose Y, Shishido K (1
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20 Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi D. Zic
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Fig. 20.1. A-E Diagrammatic represe
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etween dispersed DNA repeats. In N.
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Fig. 20.2. Meiotic recombination. S
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mechanism whereby homologues locate
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An important component of the bouqu
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observed when the mammal LE compone
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A. Chromosome and Sister-Chromatid
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ascus plus ascospore morphogenesis
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syndrome)discoveredasageneinvolvedi
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Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe
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Rossignol J-L, Faugeron G (1995) MI
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Biosystematic Index Absidia glauca
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violaceum 153 Microsporum 149 Mimos
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Subject Index ABC transporter 382 a
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fluffy 270, 276 formin 8, 10, 13, 1
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MAT protein interaction 308, 315 ma
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sporangiophore 234, 242, 246-252, 2
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