Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality

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298 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon Table. 15.1. Structure of the MAT locus in self-incompatible and related asexual Euascomycetes Idiomorphs Accession number Size Genes Features of idiomorpha Loculoascomycetes Cochliobolus heterostrophus MAT1-1 AF029913 1297 MAT1-1-1 α domain Phaeosphaeria nodorum MAT1-2 MAT1-1 AF027687 AY212018 1171 4282 MAT1-2-1 MAT1-1-1 HMG α domain Alternaria alternata MAT1-2 AY212019 4505 MAT1-2-1 HMG b MAT1-1 AB009451 1942 MAT1-1-1 α domain Didymella rabiei MAT1-2 MAT1-1 AB009452 Barve et al. (2003) 2256 2294 MAT1-2-1 MAT1-1-1 HMG α domain Mycosphaerella graminicola MAT1-2 MAT1-1 AF440399 2693 2839 MAT1-2-1 MAT1-1-1 HMG α domain MAT1-2 AF440398 2772 MAT1-2-1 HMG Sordariomycetes Neurospora crassa mat A M33876 5736 mat A-1 α domain mat A-2 HPG domain mat A-3 HMG mat a M54787 3235 mat a-1 HMG Podospora anserina mat− X64194 4710 mat a-2 FMR1 MiniORF α domain X73830 SMR1 HPG domain X73830 SMR2 HMG Gibberella moniliformis (Gibberella fujikuroi) mat+ MAT1-1 X64195 AF100925 3869 4605 FPR1 MAT1-1-1 HMG α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain Kanamori and Arie, personal communication MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2 AF100926 3824 MAT1-2-1 HMG Fusarium oxysporumb MAT1-1 AB011379 4614 MAT1-1-1 α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2 Cryphonectria parasitica MAT1-1 AB011378 AF380365 3821 4691 MAT1-2-1 MAT1-1-1 HMG α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain MAT1-1-3 HMG Magnaporthe grisea MAT1-2 MAT1-1 AF380364 AB080670 2810 3388 MAT1-2-1 MAT1-1-1 HMG α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2 AB080671 2459 MAT1-2-1 HMG MAT1-2-2 HMG Paecilomyces tenuipesb MAT1-1 AB096216 3.8 kbp MAT1-1-1 α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain MAT1-2 AB084921 4 kbp MAT1-2-1 HMG MAT1-1-1 MAT1-2-2 Pseudogene None identified c Leotiomycetes Pyrenopeziza brassicae MAT1-1 AJ006073 4804 MAT1-1-1 α domain MAT1-1-4 Metallothionein MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2 AJ006072 4147 MAT1-2-1 HMG Rhynchosporium secalis b MAT1-1 AJ549759 4049 MAT1-1-1 α domain MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2 AJ537511 3153 MAT1-2-1 HMG a In base pairs unless stated otherwise b Asexual species c This study
Table. 15.2. Structure of the MAT locus in self-compatible Euascomycetes Mating Types in Euascomycetes 299 Accession number Genes Features Loculoascomycetes Cochliobolus homomorphus AF129741 MAT1-2-1::MAT1-1-1 HMG+α domain Cochliobolus luttrellii AF129740 MAT1-1-1::MAT1-2-1 α domain+HMG Cochliobolus kusanoi AF129742 MAT1-1-1::MAT1-2-1 HMG MAT1-1-1 α domain Cochliobolus cymbopogonis AF129744 MAT1-1-1 α domain AF129745 MAT1-2-1 HMG Sordariomycetes Gibberella zeae AF318048 MAT1-1-1 α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2-1 HMG Sordaria macrospora Y10616 Smt A-1 α domain Smt A-2 HPG domain Smt A-3 None identified Sm a-1 HMG Chaetomium globosum Broad Institute MAT1-1-1 α domain MAT1-1-2 HPG domain MAT1-1-3 HMG MAT1-2-1 HMG MAT1-1-2 like HPG domain Eurotiomycetes Emericella nidulans AY339600 MATB-1 (MAT-1, MATB) a α domain AF508279 MAT1-2 (MAT-2, MATA) a HMG a Names in parenthesis are different nomenclatures of the same gene gene, and between it and ORF1 (Fig. 15.2). Notably, thereisalsoagroupofself-compatibleisolates carrying only MAT1-1-1, a situation analogous to certain Neurospora self-compatible isolates (e.g., N. africana) whereonlythemat A-1 gene is detected (Glass et al. 1988, 1990). The remaining isolates of Stemphylium examined have undetermined sexual states and may be asexual, self-incompatible, or possibly debilitated selfers. These analyses indicate that mating-type gene arrangements are diverse in self-compatible Loculoascomycetes. A striking observation is that MAT1-2-1 was not detected in some Stemphylium isolates, which suggests that the HMG regulatory domain might be dispensable for sexual cycle control. Another possibility may be proposed, based on the recent finding that each MAT gene of Cochliobolus spp. appears to encode a protein with both HMG and α1activities(LuandTurgeon, unpublished data; see Sect. III.C.1); the regulatory functions of the lost MAT1-2-1 gene may be taken on by the remaining MAT1-1-1 gene. Evolution of the target genes of MAT1-2-1 would then be necessary to bring them under the control of the HMG domain of MAT1-1-1. A first step for the validation of this hypothesis will be to demonstrate that Stemphylium MAT proteins have structures similar to those of Cochliobolus spp. c) Asexual Loculoascomycetes The evolutionary conservation of MAT genes in sexual Loculoascomycetes prompted Turgeon and colleagues to ask if there were homologs of these genes in related species that had never been demonstrated to reproduce sexually (Sharon et al. 1996). This investigation was first conducted with Bipolaris sacchari, a pathogen of sugarcane. Among 21 field isolates, 19 were demonstrated to carry a MAT1-2-1 gene and two carried a MAT1-1-1 gene. Recently Schoch, Saenz, and Turgeon (unpublished data) have updated this study, using more isolates and several molecular characters to investigate mating-type distribution and phylogenetic relationships of asexual B. sacchari. Combined data from both MAT genes, plus the 5 ′ MAT flank, the 3 ′ MAT flank, and several additional sequences, confirm that B. sacchari isolates exist in the field as both mating types. All datasets indicated that the B. sacchari isolates fall into two well-supported groups, with representatives of both mating types in each group. The deduced MAT1-2-1 protein of
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The Mycota Edited by K. Esser
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The Mycota A Comprehensive Treatise
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Karl Esser (born 1924) is retired P
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VIII Series Preface Class: Saccharo
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Addendum to the Series Preface In e
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XIV Volume Preface to the First Edi
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XVI Volume Preface to the Second Ed
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XVIII Contents Reproductive Process
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XX List of Contributors André Flei
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Vegetative Processes and Growth
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4 K.J. Boyce and A. Andrianopoulos
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22 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. I
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24 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. F
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26 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. 2
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28 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. M
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30 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. a
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32 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. t
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34 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. H
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36 L.J. García-Rodríguez et al. T
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38 S.D. Harris dle organization tha
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40 S.D. Harris 2001; Borkovich et a
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42 S.D. Harris terized in A. nidula
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44 S.D. Harris astral microtubules
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46 S.D. Harris entry, and the CDK N
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48 S.D. Harris and Hamer 1997), the
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50 S.D. Harris Murray AW (2004) Rec
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4 Apical Wall Biogenesis J.H. Siets
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fungi can be regarded as “tube-dw
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In agreement with an essential role
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Kopecka and Gabriel 1992). They als
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nearly all the label was present in
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ingredients such as wall components
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in membrane enlargement and exocyto
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sis occurs, coinciding with a gradi
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pling of two (1-3)-alpha-glucan seg
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Sietsma JH, Wessels JGH (1977) Chem
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5 The Fungal Cell Wall J.P. Latgé
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polymers (chitosan) and glucuronic
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Whereas the structural branched β1
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their structural role in the cell w
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eight chitin synthases of A. fumiga
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Characterization of the chs4 mutant
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Fig. 5.8. Experimental data and hyp
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Fig. 5.9. Elongation of the mannan
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end of linear β1,3 glucans, and tr
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Fig. 5.12. Signal transduction in f
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shock,lowosmolarityaswellasotherfac
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ditions. Accordingly, enzymes and r
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Calonge TM, Arellano M, Coll PM, Pe
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Hiura N, Nakajima T, Matsuda K (198
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Martin-Yken H, Dagkessamanskaia A,
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Saporito-Irwin SM, Birse CE, Sypher
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6 Septation and Cytokinesis in Fung
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Septation in Fungi 107 Table. 6.1.
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Fig. 6.1. Selection of a cell divis
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Calderone, Chap. 5, this volume, an
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permissive temperature, multiple se
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eports suggested such a function fo
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understood mechanism of mitotic exi
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Implication in cytokinesis in Sacch
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Trinci APJ, Morris NR (1979) Morpho
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124 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner ter
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126 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner 188
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128 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Fig
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130 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner sub
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132 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner dur
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134 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner G1
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136 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Bri
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138 N.L. Glass and A. Fleissner Mat
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8 Heterogenic Incompatibility in Fu
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Fungal Heterogenic Incompatibility
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B. Genetic Control The genetic back
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active phenotype het-s. The neutral
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Table. 8.1. (continued) Fungal Hete
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is a complex genetic trait controll
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indicate how speciation may be init
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ility controlled by multiple allele
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dependonthematingtypegenes,wasobser
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6. Relation with Histo-Incompatibil
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Semi-Incompatibilität. Z Indukt Ab
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Micali CO, Smith ML (2003) On the i
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Vilgalys RJ, Miller OK (1987) Matin
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168 B.C.K. Lu (Esser et al. 1980; K
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170 B.C.K. Lu enterthePCDpathway,wi
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172 B.C.K. Lu et al. 2004). It is l
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174 B.C.K. Lu (MMP), through ruptur
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176 B.C.K. Lu Fig. 9.1. Effects of
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178 B.C.K. Lu drial fission during
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180 B.C.K. Lu Although the cytologi
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182 B.C.K. Lu be arrested at diffus
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184 B.C.K. Lu Harris MH, Thompson C
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186 B.C.K. Lu oxygen species, in Kl
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10 Senescence and Longevity H.D. Os
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the amplification of plDNA is not a
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GRISEA is an orthologue of the yeas
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Fig. 10.3. Copper delivery to the c
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have been identified, for example,
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Kück U, Stahl U, Esser K (1981) Pl
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Signals in Growth and Development
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204 U. Ugalde II. Germination The p
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206 U. Ugalde Fig. 11.2.A-C Drawing
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208 U. Ugalde duction (Schimmel et
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210 U. Ugalde position, possibly in
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212 U. Ugalde Champe SP, Rao P, Cha
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12 Pheromone Action in the Fungal G
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sibly due to displacement of the hy
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all these compounds, the B-derivate
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shows the same activity in M. muced
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C. Oomycota In the non-mycotan phyl
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following sequence of events has be
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the standard Mendelian segregation
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Elliott CG, Knights BA (1981) Uptak
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constitutively transcribed but its
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234 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
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Page 256 and 257: 246 L.M. Corrochano and P. Galland
Page 270 and 271: Reproductive Processes
Page 272 and 273: 264 R. Fischer and U. Kües 2. Chla
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Page 294 and 295: 286 R. Fischer and U. Kües Busch S
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Page 302 and 303: 294 R. Debuchy and B.G. Turgeon tha
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Page 332 and 333: 16 Fruiting-Body Development in Asc
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Page 336 and 337: Table. 16.1. (continued) Fruiting B
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Balestrini R, Mainieri D, Soragni E
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point mutation of the beta subunit
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Mitchell TK, Dean RA (1995) The cAM
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YamashiroCT,EbboleDJ,LeeBU,BrownRE,
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358 L.A. Casselton and M.P. Challen
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376 M. Feldbrügge et al. different
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378 M. Feldbrügge et al. Fig. 18.3
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380 M. Feldbrügge et al. et al. 20
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382 M. Feldbrügge et al. for unbia
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384 M. Feldbrügge et al. In U. may
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386 M. Feldbrügge et al. Neurospor
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388 M. Feldbrügge et al. Bernards
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390 M. Feldbrügge et al. O’Donne
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19 The Emergence of Fruiting Bodies
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2003; Kües et al. 2004) are the fi
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(Manachère 1988), C. cinereus (Tsu
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emergence of fruiting bodies. In th
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Rather, development is arrested in
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10 nm thick is highly insoluble and
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it has been suggested that hydropho
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expression in the stipe suggests th
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Cooper DNW, Boulianne RP, Charlton
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Lu BC (1974) Meiosis in Coprinus. R
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Takagi Y, Katayose Y, Shishido K (1
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20 Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi D. Zic
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Fig. 20.1. A-E Diagrammatic represe
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etween dispersed DNA repeats. In N.
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Fig. 20.2. Meiotic recombination. S
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mechanism whereby homologues locate
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An important component of the bouqu
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observed when the mammal LE compone
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A. Chromosome and Sister-Chromatid
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ascus plus ascospore morphogenesis
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syndrome)discoveredasageneinvolvedi
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Kitajima TS, Kawashima SA, Watanabe
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Rossignol J-L, Faugeron G (1995) MI
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Biosystematic Index Absidia glauca
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violaceum 153 Microsporum 149 Mimos
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Subject Index ABC transporter 382 a
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fluffy 270, 276 formin 8, 10, 13, 1
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MAT protein interaction 308, 315 ma
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sporangiophore 234, 242, 246-252, 2
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