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Lichen: from genome to ecosystem in a changing world 1A-O (1A – O7) Submission ID: IAL0248-00001 LICHEN CONSERVATION IN DENSELY POPULATED AREAS: PRESSURES AND MEASURES Sparrius L. 1 1 Dutch Bryological and Lichenological Society, Gouda, Netherlands Lichen populations have suffered from many threads in densely populated areas, including habitat fragmentation, air pollution and change management practices. As a result some species have become rare, whereas a small group of species is able to survive under most of these pressures. These pressures are illustrated together with successfully applied conservation measures in the Netherlands. The first example is the disappearance of epiphytic lichen populations due to changes in atmospheric pollutants and their partial recovery after air pollution reduction measures were taken. The composition of the lichen vegetation over the past 50 years reflects mainly substrate acidity preference, caused by changes in pollutant concentrations. Life history strategy and remaining pressures seem to be important factors controlling the rate of species recovery. Secondly, abandonment of traditional 19 th century agricultural practices in heathland and inland dunes led to habitat loss and fragmentation of terrestrial lichen populations in those areas. Only since 25 years, conservation measures to restore inland dunes and heathlands are being taken. A recent evaluation shows best practices for conservation measures such as top soil removal, tree-removal, and re-activation of drift sands. The third example is habitat loss for coastal lichen populations confined to acid rock. In the 18 th century, dykes were built to protect the Dutch coast. Imported granite and basalt rock became covered in lichens over the past 250 years. Current safety measures to improve the quality of older dykes include replacement of natural acid rock by concrete, which is unsuitable for most typical coastal lichen species, such as Anaptychia runcinata. To protect a part of the lichen population, rocks with rare species are taken from the dyke and placed back afterwards. Monitoring showed a considerable survival rate. (1A – O8) Submission ID: IAL0146-00001 TRADE AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE OF LICHENS IN NEPAL HIMALAYAS Devkota S. 1 , Scheidegger C. 1 1 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland Like different plant species, lichens are ethnobotanically important for Nepalese. To collect the data regarding the uses and trade of lichens in different parts of Nepal, field level survey was carried out during 2009- 2011, using standard sets of questions. In Nepal, there are more than 525 lichen species (12% cyanobacterial and 88% green algal lichens) and around 30 species are ethnobotanically important. Apart from trade and foods, lichens are also used as spices, to treat against wounds and burns, as bedding materials and to ignite fire. Collections of some lichen species has generally increased in last few years. As example, in Banke district, the trade of lichens increased from 43.6 thousand Kg in 2009 to 199.3 thousand Kg in 2011 and such trend has seriously declined the availability of lichen species in different parts of Nepal. The amount of lichens collected in west Nepal is more for trade but in east Nepal they are collected for food and rituals. Generally, lichens are collected by adolescent or children and each collector collects from 2-10 Kg/day. Though Nepal Government has banned lichens for the export without processing, the effective implementation of such laws is currently lacking. 12
The 7 th International Association for Lichenology Symposium 2012 (1A – O9) Submission ID: IAL0241-00001 POPULATION GENETICS AND CO-PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE FUNGAL AND ALGAL SYMBIONTS OF LOBARIA PULMONARIA IN EUROPE Dal Grande F. 1 , Widmer I. 2 , Wagner H. H. 3 , Scheidegger C. 4 1 Senckenberg Gesellschaft Fuer Naturforschung, Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany 2 Laboratory of Population Environment Development Lped, University of Provence, Marseille Cedex 03, France 3 Department of Biology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada 4 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute, Birmensdorf, Switzerland This work aims to disentangle the relevant processes shaping the genetic diversity of the eukaryotic symbionts of the epiphytic lichen Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. at the intra-population and continental scale, using fungus- and alga-specific microsatellite markers. We explored the importance of the photobiont transmission mode and of evolutionary processes (mutation, recombination) at the within-population scale. The results confirmed that L. pulmonaria mainly disperses vegetatively over short distances (up to 20 m). We showed that the alga is a strictly clonal organism, with mutations being responsible of its substantial genetic diversity; the fungus displayed additionally clear signal of recombination. A further population genetic study on more than five thousand thalli from more than 150 populations covering most parts of the European distribution range of the lichen showed how the predominant vertical transmission of fungal and algal symbionts can lead to high congruency in phylogeographic patterns. Statistical analyses of allele frequencies among regions and geographic centroids of non-randomly distributed alleles across Europe sustained the presence of different refugia in South Italy and the Balkans. This region is characterized by a high genetic diversity and constitutes a hotspot of geographically restricted alleles for both symbionts. Admixed populations were detected on a south-north axis indicating putative re-colonization routes from the southern refugia. This study provides necessary tools to establish conservation plans aiming to preserve the overall coevolutionary history of L. pulmonaria in Europe. 13 1A-O
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