PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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4.3.3 Four Different Energy Demand Types So that the supply, demand and residual graphs can be ‘toggled’ between quickly, rather than having to repeat the matching analysis each time a different energy demand is considered, all energy demand types are analysed at the same time, making the comparison process faster. This also allows an overall rating for the match to be calculated, along with the individual energy demand ratings, which is an average of the individual ratings, excluding any zero demands, as there will not always be a demand for all four energy use types. The automatic search facility may now also be asked to search for the best specific individual energy demand type match, between demand and intermittent supplies, or for the best energy type match considering all energy demands (excluding zero profiles). The ‘Get Match’ button has been introduced for speed, to stop a new analysis being carried out each time a demand, intermittent supply, or load following supply button is selected. When all desired demands, supplies and load following supplies have been chosen, this button is pressed to start the matching process. 4.3.4 Transport Demands Considerable thought has been given with regards to the siting of transportation demand and vehicle use within this procedure. Splitting the transportation demand and vehicle choice as described here allows various benefits, including the ability to use hydrogen generated from excess electricity, to see onboard fuel storage characteristics, to apply specific refuelling regimes (e.g. overnight recharging), and to place vehicles in their desired place in the fuel use priority order. If the vehicle selection was, alternatively, performed at the demand definition stage, vehicles would always get priority over other fuel using technologies. Also, the transport demand would come through as a demand for fuel, and the fuel availability would not be known, so the user would not know when the transport demand could not be met without adding unnecessary complexity to the procedure and outputs. 100
However, when more than one transport demand has been defined, as specific vehicle types may be required for specific transport demands (e.g. agricultural vehicles, buses), it is necessary to link these demands with their specific vehicle type during the matching procedure. Windows are, therefore, opened during matching to allow the user to link each vehicle with its specific demand, as shown in Figure 4.14. If this were not done, the first vehicle chosen would try to satisfy all of the chosen transport demands. Figure 4.14 Linking Transport Demands 4.3.5 The Overall Matching Procedure Once all desired demands, fuel supplies, intermittent supplies, and load following supplies have been chosen using the procedures outlined in Sections 4.1 and 4.2, various combinations of these may be tried via the matching window shown in Figure 4.10. There are two streams that need to be considered here – the energy supplies and demands, and the fuel availability. For each chosen demand set there are four demand profiles, for the fuel supply sets there are three demand profiles and thirteen fuel profiles, and for the intermittent supply sets there are three supply profiles. As the output and fuel use of the load following supplies depend on the residual demand and supply, these are not calculated until matching. 101
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62: [22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
Page 63 and 64: [55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66: 3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68: Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70: A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72: the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74: There are various models available
Page 75 and 76: When the use of climate dependant i
Page 77 and 78: 3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
Page 79 and 80: 4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
Page 81 and 82: pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
Page 83 and 84: for the agricultural vehicle use re
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
Page 87 and 88: ates for vehicles, engines and othe
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
Page 91 and 92: together if desired, and taken forw
Page 93 and 94: profiles are output from this part
Page 95 and 96: dividing the production rate at eac
Page 97 and 98: As it would be too confusing to sho
Page 99: Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
Page 103 and 104: considered, this amount is added to
Page 105 and 106: users are alerted if there is not e
Page 107 and 108: at the matching stage, along with t
Page 109 and 110: vehicles if they are increased by 1
Page 111 and 112: If biogas is being considered, the
Page 113 and 114: The number of timesteps per hour wi
Page 115 and 116: After the algorithm has been follow
Page 117 and 118: • Float Charge - once the battery
Page 119 and 120: Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
Page 121 and 122: equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
Page 123 and 124: An example of the output graph prod
Page 125 and 126: 5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
Page 127 and 128: 5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
Page 129 and 130: used for gas powered ICEs, but the
Page 131 and 132: and five times, depending on the nu
Page 133 and 134: Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
Page 135 and 136: where Max = maximum energy availabl
Page 137 and 138: where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
Page 139 and 140: (including following heat demand wh
Page 141 and 142: where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
Page 143 and 144: engines running respectively). If t
Page 145 and 146: (continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
Page 147 and 148: of the definition window for a Stir
Page 149 and 150: and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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