PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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This chapter has shown the way in which MERIT can be used to provide an analysis of the possible supply combinations for a given area and demand set, with particular emphasis on the extra functionality provided by the additions to the program outlined in this thesis. This type of temporal analysis, and the ability to consider the use of intermittent sources, complemented by sustainably fuelled spinning reserve and storage, will prove useful in the design of sustainable energy systems with a high percentage of new and renewable energy sources. However, there are still ways in which the scope and functionality of this program can be increased, and these will be considered in Chapter 9, which also presents the conclusions of this work. 8.5 References [1] Personal Correspondence, B. Graves, Isle of Muck [2] Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, “Introduction to Energy Efficiency in Buildings” Series (1994 onwards) [3] S.V. Allera and A.G. Horsburgh, “Load Profiling for Energy Trading and Settlements in the UK Electricity Markets”, October 1998, London [4] Noren Corfiz, “Typical Load shapes for Six Categories of Swedish Commercial Buildings”, Lund Institute of Technology, 1997 [5] Personal Correspondence, Peter Smyth, Territory Sales Manager, JCB Agricultural [6] D. Palmer, “Biogas – Energy from Animal Waste”, Solar Energy Research Institute, May 1981 264
9 Conclusions and Recommendations The main findings of this thesis are summarised in this chapter, and recommendations are made for ways in which the quantitative and temporal demand and supply matching tool developed here can be further enhanced in order to additionally increase its scope and applicability. 9.1 Conclusions This thesis has highlighted the need for sustainable energy development, and has shown that, in order to analyse the complete energy needs of an area, the energy demands for electricity, heat, hot water and transport must be taken into consideration. As there are complex quantitative and temporal demand and supply matching issues involved in the design of such systems, the need for a decision support framework that will aid the technical design of efficient and reliable sustainable energy systems, has been shown. This system will support the planning for, and encourage, future sustainable energy system development. The components required to build a reliable and efficient sustainable energy supply system with a wide range of possible supplies for electricity, heat, hot water and transportation were considered. The important role in such systems of a variety of energy storage devices and sustainable fuels as spinning reserve, and also as a form of storage, was highlighted. The important role of combined heat and power generation and district-heating provision was also discussed, as a means of providing better fuel utilisation. Existing methods for sustainable energy system design assessment were considered, and from an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, a computer program has been developed which will perform temporal and quantitative demand and supply matching, in order to assess the viability of different supply mixes for different demand scenarios. This program was developed from an existing program (MERIT) which allowed the matching of a variety of demand sets, made up for any given area and 265
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
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met by process integration and the
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Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
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1. Scale for measuring out lye and
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feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Page 215 and 216: 6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
Page 217 and 218: 6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
Page 219 and 220: Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223 and 224: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 225 and 226: The different profile of use graphs
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237 and 238: Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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Page 251 and 252: heat and electricity during the tou
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
Page 255 and 256: to allow for efficient operation du
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Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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Page 273 and 274: Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
Page 275 and 276: Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
Page 277 and 278: Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
Page 279 and 280: Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
Page 281 and 282: Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
Page 283 and 284: Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
Page 285 and 286: Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
Page 287 and 288: Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
Page 289 and 290: Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
Page 291 and 292: Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
Page 293 and 294: Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
Page 295 and 296: Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
Page 297 and 298: Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
Page 299 and 300: Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
Page 301: Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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