PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Figure 7.21 Fermentation System Output (Batch Production) 7.2.2 Auxiliary Supply Specification Verification of the load following supplies was carried out at the matching stage, where simplified demands, and fuel and energy inputs were fed into the systems, and the outputs were analysed against expected calculated behaviour based on these inputs, manufacturers’ data and specified control strategies. In order to ensure proper operation, all aspects of the different models’ performances were tested in this manner, including increased fuel demand at lower loading, minimum load requirement, and the following of the appropriate demand or refuelling regime where required. The fuel used by each individual plant, and the overall fuel use for each fuel type was verified. The storage profiles for each of the fuels were checked against the profile of use graphs in order to ensure that fuel was being used at the appropriate times, and that the overall fuel used, plus what was left in storage at the end of the period, matched the overall fuel production. To describe the verification process for auxiliary supplies, the example of a biodiesel engine is used, and a simulation period of one day has been chosen for 238
clarity. A constant supply rate of 100 litres/hr of biodiesel is specified for this simulation. There are various control strategies that can be used with the engine model. If the engine is set to run at specific times of the day, as shown in Figure 7.22, the output of the engine, provided enough fuel is available, is shown in Figure 7.23. The amount of fuel used and the fuel storage profile, shown in Figure 7.24 are both calculated correctly, taking into account the increased fuel consumption at lower loads. This is also the case for an engine running at a constant load, and where multiple engines are defined, all engines run at the specified load, and the calculated fuel consumption is as expected. The calculation of the heat to electricity ratio is also verified against expected results at varying load by studying the heat output (Figure 7.25) compared with the electricity output at these set loads. If there is not enough fuel available the possible output is correctly calculated using the available fuel, as shown in Figure 7.26. Figure 7.22 Engine Specification 239
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
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met by process integration and the
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Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
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1. Scale for measuring out lye and
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feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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Page 189 and 190: direct proportion, and the weight o
Page 191 and 192: produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
Page 193 and 194: Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
Page 195 and 196: 3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
Page 197 and 198: Where Methane = Methane Production
Page 199 and 200: (continued) Keep as medium heating
Page 201 and 202: Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
Page 203 and 204: production and energy use profiles
Page 205 and 206: If it is the last timestep of the p
Page 207 and 208: For each process, the process chara
Page 209 and 210: At the end of the simulation, graph
Page 211 and 212: As the time required for one batch
Page 213 and 214: Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
Page 215 and 216: 6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
Page 217 and 218: 6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
Page 219 and 220: Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223 and 224: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 225 and 226: The different profile of use graphs
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
Page 233 and 234: The output obtained when a second h
Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237: Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
Page 245 and 246: esidual heat demand as this would r
Page 247 and 248: Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
Page 249 and 250: This chapter described how the over
Page 251 and 252: heat and electricity during the tou
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
Page 255 and 256: to allow for efficient operation du
Page 257 and 258: would be incurred, and the scale of
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
Page 261 and 262: heat demand or both, or run at cons
Page 263 and 264: ut with 30% less land being require
Page 265 and 266: 9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
Page 267 and 268: through these, technically viable p
Page 269 and 270: considered. The introduction of coo
Page 271 and 272: When considering larger geographica
Page 273 and 274: Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
Page 275 and 276: Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
Page 277 and 278: Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
Page 279 and 280: Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
Page 281 and 282: Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
Page 283 and 284: Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
Page 285 and 286: Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
Page 287 and 288: Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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