PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

More documents

Recommendations

Info

[10] Volvo Penta, “Sales Guide – Generating Set Engines – 2001/2002”, www.volvopenta.com [11] Personal correspondence, Claire Kelly, Sales Department, Jenbacher AG, www.jenbacher.com [12] Personal correspondence, Dr Stefan Schlag, Traffic and Environment, Institute for Internal Combustion Engines and Thermodynamics, Graz University of Technology [13] Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “A Technical and Economic Assessment of Small Stirling Engines for Combined Heat and Power”, Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, January 1993, www.energy- efficiency.gov.uk, 0800 585794 [14] Gas Turbine Performance Specifications, Alstom Power, www.power.alstom.com [15] Personal correspondence, Martin Prickett, Regional Sales Manager, Centrax Gas Turbines, www.centrax.eu.com [16] Combined Cycle Turbine Performance Information, Alstom Power, www.power.alstom.com [17] Joel B. Klein, “The Use of Heat Rates in Production Cost Modeling and Market Modeling”, Electricity Analysis Office, California Energy Commission, April 17, 1998 [18] Personal correspondence, Samuel Fällman, Area Sales Manager, Industrial Steam Turbines, ALSTOM Power, Finspong, Sweden, www.power.alstom.com [19] O. Ulleberg, S. O. Morner, “TRNSYS Simulation Models for Solar- Hydrogen Systems” Solar Energy, Vol. 59, No 4-6, pp. 271-279, 1997 [20] N. F. Bessette, W. J. Wepfer, “Prediction of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Performance Through Multi-Level Modelling”, Journal of Energy Resources Technology, Vol.117, pp. 307-317, December 1995 [21] J.C. Amphlett, R. M. Baumert, R. F. Mann, B. A. Peppley, P. R. Roberge, “Performance Modelling of the Ballard Mark IV Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell”, J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 142, No.1, pp. 1-8, Jan 1995 [22] Personal correspondence, Edwin Foong, Marketing Manager, Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd, www.cfcl.com.au 176
[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “System Demonstration Program at Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd in Australia”, Fuel Cells 2000, Lucerne, Switzerland, 10-14 July 2000, www.cfcl.com.au [24] S. W. Angrist, “Direct Energy Conversion”, Fourth Edition, Allyn and Bacon Inc., 1982 [25] “PV-Hydrogen System Simulator”, Solar Energy Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, sel.me.wisc.edu [26] A. G. Dutton, J. A. M. Bleijs, H. Dienhart, M. Flachetta, W Hug, D. Prischich, A. J. Ruddell, “ Experience in the design, sizing, economics and implementation of autonomous wind-powered hydrogen production systems”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 25 (2000), pp 705 - 722 [27] Personal correspondence, Liesbet Geboers, sales assistant, Hydrogen Systems, www.hydrogensystems.com [28] Stuart Energy, www.stuartenergy.com [29] Personal correspondence, Connie Aman, Regional Sales Manager, Steffes Corporation, www.steffes.com 177
Page 1 and 2:
Decision Support for New and Renewa
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract The global requirement for
Page 5 and 6:
CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
Page 7 and 8:
5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
Page 9 and 10:
FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 11 and 12:
Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
Page 13 and 14:
on the use of fossil fuels, energy
Page 15 and 16:
The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18:
supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20:
Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22:
on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24:
Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26:
provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28:
1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30:
2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32:
the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34:
the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36:
set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38:
partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40:
2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42:
dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44:
Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46:
part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50:
met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54:
1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56:
feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58:
carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60:
• Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62:
[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
Page 63 and 64:
[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66:
3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68:
Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70:
A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72:
the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74:
There are various models available
Page 75 and 76:
When the use of climate dependant i
Page 77 and 78:
3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
Page 79 and 80:
4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
Page 81 and 82:
pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
Page 83 and 84:
for the agricultural vehicle use re
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
Page 87 and 88:
ates for vehicles, engines and othe
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
Page 91 and 92:
together if desired, and taken forw
Page 93 and 94:
profiles are output from this part
Page 95 and 96:
dividing the production rate at eac
Page 97 and 98:
As it would be too confusing to sho
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
Page 101 and 102:
However, when more than one transpo
Page 103 and 104:
considered, this amount is added to
Page 105 and 106:
users are alerted if there is not e
Page 107 and 108:
at the matching stage, along with t
Page 109 and 110:
vehicles if they are increased by 1
Page 111 and 112:
If biogas is being considered, the
Page 113 and 114:
The number of timesteps per hour wi
Page 115 and 116:
After the algorithm has been follow
Page 117 and 118:
• Float Charge - once the battery
Page 119 and 120:
Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
Page 121 and 122:
equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
Page 123 and 124:
An example of the output graph prod
Page 125 and 126: 5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
Page 127 and 128: 5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
Page 129 and 130: used for gas powered ICEs, but the
Page 131 and 132: and five times, depending on the nu
Page 133 and 134: Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
Page 135 and 136: where Max = maximum energy availabl
Page 137 and 138: where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
Page 139 and 140: (including following heat demand wh
Page 141 and 142: where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
Page 143 and 144: engines running respectively). If t
Page 145 and 146: (continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
Page 147 and 148: of the definition window for a Stir
Page 149 and 150: and continuous operation. Again, mu
Page 151 and 152: The performance of a fuel cell is n
Page 153 and 154: percentage loading, rather than usi
Page 155 and 156: Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
Page 157 and 158: 5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
Page 159 and 160: 5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
Page 161 and 162: original calculation of the amount
Page 163 and 164: 5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
Page 165 and 166: following the heat demand. To follo
Page 167 and 168: C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
Page 169 and 170: As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
Page 171 and 172: Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
Page 173 and 174: Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
Page 175: information is given about the over
Page 179 and 180: the gasification and pyrolysis defi
Page 181 and 182: eing used each day for a continuous
Page 183 and 184: Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
Page 185 and 186: 6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
Page 187 and 188: The amount of hydrogen that can be
Page 189 and 190: direct proportion, and the weight o
Page 191 and 192: produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
Page 193 and 194: Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
Page 195 and 196: 3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
Page 197 and 198: Where Methane = Methane Production
Page 199 and 200: (continued) Keep as medium heating
Page 201 and 202: Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
Page 203 and 204: production and energy use profiles
Page 205 and 206: If it is the last timestep of the p
Page 207 and 208: For each process, the process chara
Page 209 and 210: At the end of the simulation, graph
Page 211 and 212: As the time required for one batch
Page 213 and 214: Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
Page 215 and 216: 6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
Page 217 and 218: 6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
Page 219 and 220: Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223 and 224: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 225 and 226: The different profile of use graphs
Page 227 and 228:
Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230:
Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
Page 233 and 234:
The output obtained when a second h
Page 235 and 236:
Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237 and 238:
Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
Page 239 and 240:
clarity. A constant supply rate of
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244:
Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
Page 245 and 246:
esidual heat demand as this would r
Page 247 and 248:
Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
Page 249 and 250:
This chapter described how the over
Page 251 and 252:
heat and electricity during the tou
Page 253 and 254:
Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
Page 255 and 256:
to allow for efficient operation du
Page 257 and 258:
would be incurred, and the scale of
Page 259 and 260:
Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
Page 261 and 262:
heat demand or both, or run at cons
Page 263 and 264:
ut with 30% less land being require
Page 265 and 266:
9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
Page 267 and 268:
through these, technically viable p
Page 269 and 270:
considered. The introduction of coo
Page 271 and 272:
When considering larger geographica
Page 273 and 274:
Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
Page 275 and 276:
Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
Page 277 and 278:
Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
Page 279 and 280:
Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
Page 281 and 282:
Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
Page 283 and 284:
Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
Page 285 and 286:
Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
Page 287 and 288:
Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
Page 289 and 290:
Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
Page 291 and 292:
Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
Page 293 and 294:
Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
Page 295 and 296:
Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
Page 297 and 298:
Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
Page 299 and 300:
Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
Page 301:
Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
show all

PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?