PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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This thesis has described the development of a decision support framework that will aid the design of sustainable energy systems, for the supply of electricity, heat, hot water and transportation, through the use of temporal and quantitative demand and supply matching. This will allow informed decisions to be made about the technical feasibility of supply mix and control strategies, plant type and sizing, suitable fuel production, fuel and energy storage type and sizing, and required spinning reserve, for any given area and range of supply options. This decision support framework will aid the design of both small-scale and large- scale future renewable energy supply systems, allow transitional periods to be effectively managed, and encourage and advance state-of-the-art deployment as sustainable energy supply systems become more economically desirable. 9.3 References [1] A.G. Rassu, “Towards 100% RES Supply in La Maddalena Island - Sardinia”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. “Renewable Energies for Islands. Towards 100% RES Supply”, Chania, Crete, Greece, 14-16 June 2001 [2] M. Cendagorta Galarza Lopez, “Tenerife 100% RES Strategy”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. “Renewable Energies for Islands. Towards 100% RES Supply”, Chania, Crete, Greece, 14-16 June 2001 [3] P.Taylor, “Increased renewable energy penetration on island power systems through distributed fuzzy load control”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. “Renewable Energies for Islands. Towards 100% RES Supply”, Chania, Crete, Greece, 14- 16 June 2001 [4] Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “Heat Pumps in the UK: Current Status and Activities”, Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, www.energy-efficiency.gov.uk, 0800 585794 [5] A. Price, S. Bartley, S. Male, G. Cooley, ‘ A novel approach to utility scale energy storage’, Power Engineering Journal, 1999, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp 122-129 [6] G. C. Seeling-Hochmuth, ‘A combined optimisation concept for the design and operation strategy of hybrid-PV energy systems’, Solar Energy, 1997, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp 77-87 272
Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure A1.1: Main Program Window Figure A1.2: Analysis Parameters Window 273
Page 1 and 2:
Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
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met by process integration and the
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Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
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1. Scale for measuring out lye and
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feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223 and 224: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 225 and 226: The different profile of use graphs
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
Page 233 and 234: The output obtained when a second h
Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237 and 238: Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
Page 239 and 240: clarity. A constant supply rate of
Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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Page 247 and 248: Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
Page 249 and 250: This chapter described how the over
Page 251 and 252: heat and electricity during the tou
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
Page 255 and 256: to allow for efficient operation du
Page 257 and 258: would be incurred, and the scale of
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
Page 261 and 262: heat demand or both, or run at cons
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Page 265 and 266: 9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
Page 267 and 268: through these, technically viable p
Page 269 and 270: considered. The introduction of coo
Page 271: When considering larger geographica
Page 275 and 276: Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
Page 277 and 278: Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
Page 279 and 280: Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
Page 281 and 282: Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
Page 283 and 284: Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
Page 285 and 286: Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
Page 287 and 288: Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
Page 289 and 290: Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
Page 291 and 292: Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
Page 293 and 294: Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
Page 295 and 296: Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
Page 297 and 298: Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
Page 299 and 300: Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
Page 301: Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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