PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Figure 6.9. An example of the waste and biomass processing technologies system definition window is given in Appendix 1, Figure A1.23. No No j = i Output = Elec = Heat = 0 Is j > j = j - TS Yes No TS - 1 ? Is j between operating times ? Yes Yes No Yes Is date between start and end dates for period 1 ? Yes No Is Process 24 hrs ? Yes Flag = 1 is j = 0 ? Yes Determine date using i value Flag = 0 No Is date between No Is date between No Is date between No start and end dates start and end dates start and end dates for period 2 ? for period 3 ? for period 4 ? Yes 216 Yes Is date between start and end dates for period 5 ? Stor1 = Stor1 + Feed1 Stor2 = Stor2 + Feed2 Stor3 = Stor3 + Feed3 Stor4 = Stor4 + Feed4 Stor5 = Stor5 + Feed5 Is Flag = 1 ? Is Stor1 > 0 ? Is Stor2 > 0 ? Is Stor3 > 0 ? Is Stor4 > 0 ? Is Stor5 > 0 ? No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Output = Output + PC x Rate / 100 Elec = Elec + Rate x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Rate x HeatPR Stor1 = Stor1 - Rate / Timesteps Output = Output + PC x Rate / 100 Elec = Elec + Rat e x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Rate x HeatPR Stor2 = Stor2- Rate / Timesteps Output = Output + PC x Rate / 100 Elec = Elec + Rat e x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Rate x HeatPR Stor3 = Stor3- Rate / Timesteps Output = Output + PC x Rate / 100 Elec = Elec + Rate x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Rate x HeatPR Stor4 = Stor4- Rate / Timesteps Output = Output + PC x Rate / 100 Elec = Elec + Rat e x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Rate x HeatPR Stor5 = Stor5- Rate / Timesteps St or = St or1 + St or2 + St or3 + St or4 + St or5 MaxStor = Stor Is Stor > Yes No MaxStor ? Stor1 = Storage of Fuel from Period 1 Feed1 = Feedstock Avaiability (tonnes/day) PC = Output Produced (% of feedstock weight) Rate = Maximum Feedstock Feed Rate (tonnes/hr) ElecPR = Electricity Required (kWh/tonne feedstock) HeatPR =Heat Required (kWh/tonne feedstock) Output = Output Rate (tonnes/hr) Elec = Electricity Required (kW) Heat = Heat Required (kW) Output = Output + PC x Stor1 x Timesteps / 1 00 Elec = Elec + Stor1 x Timesteps x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Stor1 x Timesteps x HeatPR St or1 = 0 Output = Output + PC x Stor2 x Timesteps / 1 00 Elec = Elec + Stor2 x Timesteps x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Stor2 x Timesteps x HeatPR St or2 = 0 Output = Output + PC x Stor3 x Timesteps / 1 00 Elec = Elec + Stor3 x Timesteps x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Stor3 x Timesteps x HeatPR St or3 = 0 Output = Output + PC x Stor4 x Timesteps / 1 00 Elec = Elec + Stor4 x Timesteps x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Stor4 x Timesteps x HeatPR St or4 = 0 Output = Output + PC x Stor5 x Timesteps / 1 00 Elec = Elec + Stor5 x Timesteps x ElecPR Heat = Heat + Stor5 x Timesteps x HeatPR St or5 = 0 Assign Output to Chosen Fuel Type ( RDF or Other1,2,3 ) Figure 6.9 Waste and Biomass Processing Algorithm Yes No
6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the biogas from landfill sites is produced constantly, at a steady rate, its production can be defined by the biogas production rate (Nm 3 /hr), the percentage of methane in the biogas or its lower heating value (kJ/Nm 3 ), and the electricity required to extract the biogas (kWh/Nm 3 biogas produced). The biogas may then be used or processed in the same way as biogas derived from anaerobic digestion, as described in Section 6.2.3. An example of the landfill gas system definition window is given in Appendix 1, Figure A1.20. This chapter described the algorithms used to estimate the rate of fuel production and associated energy demand profiles for chosen derived fuels. Chapter 7 shows how the overall program works from the user’s point of view, and also discusses how the changes made to the systems have been verified once incorporated within the existing MERIT program architecture. 6.8 References [1] C. P. Mitchell, “Development of decision support systems for bioenergy applications”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, Vol. 18, pp 265-278 [2] “Pyrolysis & Gasification of Waste: A Worldwide Technology & Business Review. Volume 2 – Technologies and Processes”, Juniper Consulting Services, January 2000 [3] The Methanol Institute, www.methanol.org [4] P. Harris, “An Introduction to BIOGAS”, University of Adelaide, July 2001, www.roseworthy.adelaide.edu.au/~pharris/biogas/beginners.html [5] “Anaerobic Digestion of Farm and Food Processing Residues – Good Practice Guidelines”, British Biogen, www.britishbiogen.co.uk [6] Personal Correspondence, M. Richter, ECB AG [7] Handmade Projects, Journey To Forever, www.journeytoforever.org [8] “Biofuels”, Energy and Environment Policy Analysis, OECD/IEA, 1994 [9] F.J. Born, “Aiding renewable energy integration through complementary demand-supply matching”, PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001, www.esru.strath.ac.uk 217
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
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met by process integration and the
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Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
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1. Scale for measuring out lye and
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feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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Page 169 and 170: As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
Page 171 and 172: Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
Page 173 and 174: Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
Page 175 and 176: information is given about the over
Page 177 and 178: [23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
Page 179 and 180: the gasification and pyrolysis defi
Page 181 and 182: eing used each day for a continuous
Page 183 and 184: Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
Page 185 and 186: 6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
Page 187 and 188: The amount of hydrogen that can be
Page 189 and 190: direct proportion, and the weight o
Page 191 and 192: produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
Page 193 and 194: Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
Page 195 and 196: 3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
Page 197 and 198: Where Methane = Methane Production
Page 199 and 200: (continued) Keep as medium heating
Page 201 and 202: Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
Page 203 and 204: production and energy use profiles
Page 205 and 206: If it is the last timestep of the p
Page 207 and 208: For each process, the process chara
Page 209 and 210: At the end of the simulation, graph
Page 211 and 212: As the time required for one batch
Page 213 and 214: Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
Page 215: 6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
Page 219 and 220: Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223 and 224: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 225 and 226: The different profile of use graphs
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
Page 233 and 234: The output obtained when a second h
Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237 and 238: Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
Page 239 and 240: clarity. A constant supply rate of
Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
Page 245 and 246: esidual heat demand as this would r
Page 247 and 248: Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
Page 249 and 250: This chapter described how the over
Page 251 and 252: heat and electricity during the tou
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
Page 255 and 256: to allow for efficient operation du
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Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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Page 265 and 266: 9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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