PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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compensating for the variable nature of intermittent sources and, therefore, the same type of temporal analysis will need to be carried out for the production, availability and use of these fuels as for the intermittent supplies. Many of the programs discussed in this chapter are based on economic models. Economics and politics, however, will not be considered in this work as they are subject to constant and unexpected change (e.g. reduced capital or running costs, future subsidies, grants or tax credits being introduced or removed), and may vary substantially around the world. Instead this framework will concentrate on evaluating the technical feasibility of a system. The range of best solutions may then be found using the program, and subsequently evaluated by the user, with due consideration given to equipment and running costs, available space and social acceptability, both for current and future predicted situations. The use of optimisation may be considered in this work, but this will not be the main or sole focus. This is because, when designing systems with so many different possible plant types and configurations, it is important to be able to see the full range of options available, so as not to rule out any viable systems. This then allows these systems to be evaluated, taking economic factors, political incentives, possible future technical advancements, and the potential need for expansion, into consideration. There are many programs available that allow the evaluation of mainly electricity supply systems containing intermittent supplies, reserve plant and storage. This work will, therefore, concentrate on the modelling of the main components available to complement the use of these intermittent sources in sustainable energy supply systems, as discussed in Chapter 2, and will look at how these may be integrated to form reliable systems for the supply of electricity, heat, hot water and transportation fuel. Chapter 4 gives an outline of a flexible and generic decision support framework that will aid the design of reliable and efficient sustainable systems that can supply the total energy needs of any given area. This will be achieved by extending the MERIT software described in this chapter. 76
3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. Notton, P. Poggi, A Louche, “Computer-aided analysis of the integration of renewable-energy systems in remote areas using a geographicalinformation system”, Applied Energy, 63, 1999, pp141-160 [2] S. Rozakis, P. G. Soldatos, G. Papadakis, S. Kyritsis, D. Papantonis, ‘Evaluation of an integrated renewable energy system for electricity generation in rural areas’, Energy Policy, 1997, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp 337-347 [3] M. A. Castro, J. Carpio, J. Peire, J. A. Rodriguez, ‘Renewable energy integration assessment through a dedicated computer program’, Solar Energy, 1996, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp 471-484 [4] F. Bonanno, A. Consoli, S. Lombardo, A. Raciti, ‘A logistical model for performance evaluations of hybrid generation systems’, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1998, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp 1397-1403 [5] R. Chedid, S. Rahman, ‘Unit sizing and control of hybrid wind-solar power systems’, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1997, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp 79-85 [6] R. Chedid, H. Akiki, S. Rahman, ‘A decision support technique for the design of hybrid solar-wind power systems’, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1998, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp 76-83 [7] T. R. Morgan, R. H. Marshall, B. J. Brinksworth, “ ‘ARES’ – a refined simulation program for the sizing and optimisation of autonomous hybrid energy systems”, Solar Energy, 1997, Vol. 59, Nos.4-6, pp 205-215 [8] F.J. Born, “Aiding renewable energy integration through complementary demand-supply matching”, PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001, www.esru.strath.ac.uk [9] The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Solar Energy Laboratory, sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys [10] T. Ackermann, K. Garner, A. Gardiner, “Embedded wind generation in weak grids – economic optimisation and power quality simulation”, Renewable Energy, 1999, 18, pp 205-221 [11] G. C. Seeling-Hochmuth, ‘A combined optimisation concept for the design and operation strategy of hybrid-PV energy systems’, Solar Energy, 1997, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp 77-87 77
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62: [22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
Page 63 and 64: [55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66: 3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68: Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70: A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72: the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74: There are various models available
Page 75: When the use of climate dependant i
Page 79 and 80: 4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
Page 81 and 82: pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
Page 83 and 84: for the agricultural vehicle use re
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
Page 87 and 88: ates for vehicles, engines and othe
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
Page 91 and 92: together if desired, and taken forw
Page 93 and 94: profiles are output from this part
Page 95 and 96: dividing the production rate at eac
Page 97 and 98: As it would be too confusing to sho
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
Page 101 and 102: However, when more than one transpo
Page 103 and 104: considered, this amount is added to
Page 105 and 106: users are alerted if there is not e
Page 107 and 108: at the matching stage, along with t
Page 109 and 110: vehicles if they are increased by 1
Page 111 and 112: If biogas is being considered, the
Page 113 and 114: The number of timesteps per hour wi
Page 115 and 116: After the algorithm has been follow
Page 117 and 118: • Float Charge - once the battery
Page 119 and 120: Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
Page 121 and 122: equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
Page 123 and 124: An example of the output graph prod
Page 125 and 126: 5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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