PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Final Energy Consumption 1970 to 2000 14
Figure 1.2 UK Primary Energy Consumption in 2000 14
Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply Grid for England and Wales 19
Figure 2.1 Basic Components of a Fuel Cell 38
Figure 2.2 A Hydrogen Fuelled Heater and a Wood Pellet Fuelled Boiler 40
Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filling Station 43
Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification Plant 47
Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs of an Anaerobic Digestion System 51
Figure 2.6 Biodiesel Production Process 53
Figure 2.7 The Ethanol Production Process 56
Figure 4.1 Daily Transport Demand Profile Definition 83
Figure 4.2 Derived Yearly Transport Demand 83
Figure 4.3 Typical Output of Demand Definition Section for One Day 84
Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Take Forward For Matching 85
Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production Specification 89
Figure 4.6 Information Box 89
Figure 4.7 Typical Output Graph for Intermittent Supply Definition 91
Figure 4.8 Derived Fuel Supply Selection 95
Figure 4.9 Fuel Availability 96
Figure 4.10 Output of the Matching Procedure (1) 98
Figure 4.11 Output of the Matching Procedure (2) 98
Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching Procedure (3) 99
Figure 4.13 Storage and Production Rate from Fuel Storage Profiles 99
Figure 4.14 Linking Transport Demands 101
Figure 4.15 The Matching Procedure 103
Figure 5.1 Vehicle Use Algorithm 113
Figure 5.1(cont) Vehicle Use Algorithm 114
Figure 5.2 Battery Charging Characteristics 117
Figure 5.3 Electric Vehicle Fuel Use Algorithm 119
Figure 5.4 Relationship Between Percentage Charge and Recharge Rate 122
Figure 5.5 Recharge Curve Calculated by the Described Algorithm 123
Figure 5.6 Derating Algorithm 126
Figure 5.7 Representative Heat Balance Curve for a Diesel Engine 128
Figure 5.8 Required Percentage Load Determination Algorithm 131
Figure 5.8 (cont) Required Percentage Load Determination Algorithm 132
Figure 5.9 Specific Fuel Consumption or Efficiency Determination 133
Figure 5.10 Use of Multiple Engine Generator Sets 134
Figure 5.11 Heat to Electricity Ratio Determination 138
Figure 5.12 Re-Determination of Heat to Electricity Ratio 139
Figure 5.13 Fuel Consumption and Possible Load Determination 142
Figure 5.14 Fuel Consumption and Possible Load Determination 144
Figure 5.14 (cont) Fuel Consumption and Possible Load Determination 145
Figure 5.16 Theoretical Load Performance of Stirling and IC Engines 147
Figure 5.16 Gas Turbine Performance Chart – Alstom Typhoon 435 148
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