PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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[12] S. Iniyan, L. Suganthi, T. R. Jagadeesan, “Renewable energy planning for India in 21 st Century”, Renewable Energy, May-Aug 1998, Vol. 14 (1-4), pp 453-457 [13] Ministry of Natural Resources Canada, CANMET Energy Diversification Research Laboratories (CEDRL), retscreen.gc.ca [14] R. Ramakumar, I. Abouzahr, K. Krishnan, K. Ashenayi, “Design scenarios for integrated renewable energy systems”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, December 1995, Vol. 10, No. 4 [15] R. Ramakumar, I. Abouzahr, K. Ashenayi, “A knowledge-based approach to the design of integrated renewable energy systems”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, December 1992, Vol. 7, No. 4 [16] C. P. Mitchell, “Development of decision support systems for bioenergy applications”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 2000, Vol. 18, pp 265-278 [17] C. P. Mitchell, A. V. Bridgewater, D. J. Stevens, A. J. Toft, M. P. Watters, “Technoeconomic assessment of biomass to energy”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 1995, Vol. 9 (1-5), pp 205-226 [18] C. R. McGowin, G. A. Wiltsee, “Strategic analysis of biomass and waste fuels for electric power generation”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 1996, Vol. 10 (2- 3), pp 167-175 [19] E. G. Koukios, N. J. Kyriazis, K. Blatsoukas, “Biomass Toolkit: Modelling for a new age”, Renewable Energy, Sep-Dec 1996, Vol. 9 (1-4), pp 1001-1006 [20] G. Sundberg, B. G. Karlsson, “Interaction effects in optimising a municipal energy system”, Energy, Sep 2000, Vol. 25 (9), pp 877-891 [21] Transco, Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “chp-sizer – a tool to conduct a preliminary evaluation of CHP for new hospitals and hotels”, Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, www.energy- efficiency.gov.uk, 0800 585794 78
4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply Matching A flexible and generic decision support framework is required through which the design of sustainable energy systems for the supply of electricity, heat, hot water and transportation fuel may be evaluated. This will be a valuable decision making tool for the design of integrated energy systems that include intermittent renewable energy supplies. This chapter discusses the requirements of such a system, and the developments that have been made to an existing software package, MERIT, in order to achieve this. The previous chapters have shown that the following issues must be considered in order to create an effective demand and supply matching procedure that can analyse the total energy requirements of a given area: - • The procedure must be flexible and generic, allowing small and medium sized areas in any location and climate, with different demand needs and supply possibilities to be analysed. • The temporal matching of supply and demand is required in order to analyse variations throughout the day and between seasons. • Demands for electricity, heat, hot water and transport must be able to be considered. • Intermittent supplies, and the range of alternative transportation fuels and vehicles, alternatively fuelled technologies for CHP generation, heat storage and production technologies, other uses for excess electricity, and methods for producing fuels from waste and biomass sources must be available for consideration (as discussed in Chapter 2). • The procedure must aid decisions about the best mix, type and sizing of all technologies and processes being considered, and about the amount of fuel or other storage required as appropriate. Informed decisions can 79
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62: [22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
Page 63 and 64: [55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66: 3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68: Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70: A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72: the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74: There are various models available
Page 75 and 76: When the use of climate dependant i
Page 77: 3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
Page 81 and 82: pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
Page 83 and 84: for the agricultural vehicle use re
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
Page 87 and 88: ates for vehicles, engines and othe
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
Page 91 and 92: together if desired, and taken forw
Page 93 and 94: profiles are output from this part
Page 95 and 96: dividing the production rate at eac
Page 97 and 98: As it would be too confusing to sho
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
Page 101 and 102: However, when more than one transpo
Page 103 and 104: considered, this amount is added to
Page 105 and 106: users are alerted if there is not e
Page 107 and 108: at the matching stage, along with t
Page 109 and 110: vehicles if they are increased by 1
Page 111 and 112: If biogas is being considered, the
Page 113 and 114: The number of timesteps per hour wi
Page 115 and 116: After the algorithm has been follow
Page 117 and 118: • Float Charge - once the battery
Page 119 and 120: Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
Page 121 and 122: equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
Page 123 and 124: An example of the output graph prod
Page 125 and 126: 5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
Page 127 and 128: 5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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