PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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of the Int. Conf. “Renewable Energies for Islands. Towards 100% RES Supply”, Chania, Crete, Greece, 14-16 June 2001 [18] A. G. Rassu, “Towards 100 % RES supply in La Maddalena Island – Sardinia” ”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. “Renewable Energies for Islands. Towards 100% RES Supply”, Chania, Crete, Greece, 14-16 June 2000 [19] T. Moore, “Emerging markets for distributed resources”, EPRI Journal, March/April 1998 [20] M. A. Castro, J. Carpio, J. Peire, J. A. Rodriguez, ‘Renewable energy integration assessment through a dedicated computer program’, Solar Energy, 1996, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp 471-484 [21] S. Rozakis, P. G. Soldatos, G. Papadakis, S. Kyritsis, D. Papantonis, ‘Evaluation of an integrated renewable energy system for electricity generation in rural areas’, Energy Policy, 1997, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp 337-347 [22] A. Mourelatos, D. Assimacopoulos, L. Papagainnakis, A. Zevros, ‘Large scale integration of renewable energy sources an action plan for Crete’, Energy Policy, 1998, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp 751-763 [23] G. C. Seeling-Hochmuth, ‘A combined optimisation concept for the design and operation strategy of hybrid-PV energy systems’, Solar Energy, 1997, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp 77-87 [24] F. Bonanno, A. Consoli, S. Lombardo, A. Raciti, ‘A logistical model for performance evaluations of hybrid generation systems’, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 1998, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp 1397-1403 [25] R. Chedid, S. Rahman, ‘Unit sizing and control of hybrid wind-solar power systems’, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 1997, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp 79-85 28
2 Options for New and Renewable Energy Systems This chapter discusses the options for, and the issues involved in, the design of integrated sustainable energy supply systems that are reliable and efficient, and allow consideration of transport, heat, hot water and electricity demands. Technologies currently available to meet these demands, and their potential role in the overall supply system, are described. There are various technologies currently available that will supply the energy needs for transport, heat, hot water and electricity, in a sustainable manner. Electricity may be generated by harnessing weather related sources of energy (e.g. wind, sunlight, waves, rainfall), however, this gives an intermittent and unpredictable output. In order to provide a reliable electricity supply, reduce energy wastage, and enable the energy requirements for heat and transport to be met, the outputs of these intermittent sources may be supplemented by various means. These may include the use of storage devices and/or the use of biomass and waste materials (in their original form, or converted into other fuels) in engines, turbines and fuel cells for the production of electricity and heat, in vehicles for transportation, or in heating supply or storage systems. When intermittent electricity generating sources are used in a sustainable energy supply system, it is important to consider how well the profiles of demand and supply of electricity match, and it is advisable to seek the best possible match by using varying amounts of a range of different intermittent sources [1]. As discussed in Chapter 1, it is prudent to use as diverse a mix of generators as possible, however, the types of intermittent supply and amount of each used would depend on the local climate, availability of suitable sites, and how well the outputs of these sources match with the profile of demand. Also, to ensure security of supply and avoid excessive waste, the use of spinning reserve fuelled by biomass, waste or derived fuels, or storage devices should be considered. Where substantial amounts of intermittent sources are used in a system, it is useful to have an outlet for excess electricity (at times when more electricity is 29
Page 1 and 2: Decision Support for New and Renewa
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The global requirement for
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
Page 7 and 8: 5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
Page 9 and 10: FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 11 and 12: Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
Page 13 and 14: on the use of fossil fuels, energy
Page 15 and 16: The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18: supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22: on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24: Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62: [22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
Page 63 and 64: [55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66: 3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68: Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70: A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72: the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74: There are various models available
Page 75 and 76: When the use of climate dependant i
Page 77 and 78: 3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
Page 207 and 208:
For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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