PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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1 Energy Systems for Sustainable Living Sustainable design can be described as that which enhances ecological, social and economic well being, both now and in the future [1]. The global requirement for sustainable energy provision will become increasingly important over the next fifty years as the environmental effects of fossil fuel use become apparent. As new and renewable energy supply technologies become more cost-effective and attractive, a greater level of both small-scale and large- scale deployment of these technologies will become evident. This chapter discusses the problem of increasing global energy use, potential sustainable energy supply system options, and the various complex integration issues that are inherent in the design of sustainable energy supply systems that are both reliable and efficient. The creation of a decision support framework is proposed that will aid the technical design of sustainable energy systems, in order to encourage and support planning for future development. Since the discovery of fire, and the harnessing of animal power, mankind has captured and used energy in various forms for different pruposes. This has included the use of fire, fuelled by wood, biomass and other waste for cooking, heating and the melting of metals, the use of windmills, waterwheels and animals to produce mechanical work, and the use of animals for transportation. However, it was not until the industrial revolution that humans began to rely heavily on energy utilisation for everyday life. With the development and exploitation of electricity, the discovery of abundant reserves of fossil fuels with higher energy densities than biomass fuels, and the rapid expansion of energy intensive industrial processes and vehicles, the use of energy in industrialised countries increased at an incredible rate, with no concern for energy conservation as fuels were inexpensive and plentiful. In fact, machines that were originally designed to run on biomass derived fuels (e.g. Rudolf Diesel’s first engine ran on peanut oil [2] and the Model T Ford was designed to run on alcohol [3]), were redesigned to run on fossil fuel derived fuels as these were abundant and cheap. From this beginning, the development of machines, processes and methods for generating electricity and heat have continued to rely 12
on the use of fossil fuels, energy demand has continued to grow, and energy use, particularly in the forms of electricity and transportation fuel, has become a vital part of our technological society. Around two hundred years later, an increased understanding of the environmental effects of burning fossil fuels has led to stringent international agreements, policies and legislation regarding the control of the harmful emissions related to their use [4]. Despite this knowledge, global energy consumption continues to increase due to rapid population growth and increased global industrialisation. In order to meet the targets laid down, a greater awareness of energy efficiency among domestic and industrial users throughout the world will be required, and domestic, commercial and industrial buildings, industrial processes, and vehicles will need to be designed to keep energy use at a minimum. Increased energy efficiency and improved design, however, will not be enough on their own. If emission targets are to be met, various measures must be taken. The current reliance on fossil fuels for electricity generation, heating and transport must be greatly reduced, and alternative generation methods and fuels for heating and transport must be developed and used. Alternatively fuelled vehicles, and the refuelling infrastructure to support them, also require to be developed, and the use of these vehicles must be encouraged. The implementation of these changes over the next fifty to one hundred years will significantly change the way in which energy is currently produced, distributed and used worldwide, and well considered forward planning and research into suitable supply options will be crucial to the effective future deployment of sustainable energy supply systems. 1.1 Energy Use in the United Kingdom Figure 1.1 shows the final use for the overall energy consumed in the UK between 1970 and 2000 [5]. From this it can be seen that the energy use in all sectors, except the industrial sector, has increased during this period. Importantly, the energy use for transport has almost doubled in this 30-year period, and continues to grow, representing over a third of the overall primary 13
Page 1 and 2: Decision Support for New and Renewa
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The global requirement for
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
Page 7 and 8: 5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
Page 9 and 10: FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 11: Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
Page 15 and 16: The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18: supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22: on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24: Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62: [22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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