PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Gas = Biogas = Elec = Heat = Feedstock = F = 0 Is j > j = j - TS Yes No TS - 1 ? No Yes Count1 = Retention + 1 Gas1 = Biogas1 x Feed1 / (24 x Timesteps) Is i = 0, and date not Jan 1 st, and feedstock supply not seasonal ? Is i = 0 and date = Jan 1 st ? Is F > 0 ? Yes Heat feedstock No No before input to digester ? No No Is Count1 0 ? (continued) Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Determine date using i value Yes Does feedstock supply vary seasonally ? Yes No is Startday1 0 and j = 0 and date = Startday1 ? Yes Yes 198 Biogas1 = Biogas Produced for Period 1 (m3/tonne feedstock) Feed 1 = Feedstock Available for Period 1 (tonnes/day) Startday1 = Integer Equivalent of Start Day for Period 1 Endday1 = Integer Equivalent of End Day for Period 1 Retention = Retention Time (days) Is Count1 > Retention ? No No Gas1 = Gas1 + Feed1 x Biogas1 / (24 x 24 x Timesteps x Timesteps x Retention ) Count1 = Count1 + 1 Is j = 0 ? No Yes Yes No Count1 = Retention Gas1 = Feed1 x Biogas1 x Count1 / (24 x Timesteps x Retention ) Count1 = 0 Gas1 = 0 Feedstock = Feedstock + Feed1 Biogas = Biogas + Gas1 Count1 = 0 Gas1 = Gas1 - Feed1 x Biogas1 / (24 x 24 x Timesteps x Timesteps x Retention) Biogas = Biogas + Gas1 F = F + Feed1 Elec + ElecAD Yes Heat feedstock before input to digester ? Repeat the process in the dashed box for the other defined periods using their specific biogas production and feedstock availability data, calculating the biogas produced, and adding this to the overall biogas production figure. Is j between pumping and processing times ? Heat = HeatAD x F / 24 Heat = HeatAD x Feedstock / 24 Heat contents of digester ? Figure 6.4 Anaerobic Digestion Algorithm Yes Is j between feedstock input times ? Yes Elec = Elec + ElecP x Feedstock x Timesteps / No. of processing hours LHV = Lower Heating Value of Biogas (kJ/m3) Elec = Total Electricity Required (kW) Heat = Toral Heat Required (kW) ElecMix = Electricity Required for Mixing (kW) ElecP = Electricity Required for Processing and Pumping (kWh/tonne feedstock) HeatAD = Heat Required (kWh/tonne feedstock) Heat = Heat + HeatAD x Feedstock x Timesteps / no. of feedstock input hours
(continued) Keep as medium heating value biogas ? No Upgrade biogas to 95% methane ? No Process methane to hydrogen via steam reforming ? No Process methane to methanol via steam reforming and catalytic synthesis Recover CH4 ? Yes Yes Yes Is electricity required to compress gas for storage ? Elec = Elec + Elec95 x Biogas Yes Gas = Gas x 0.072 Yes No Amount = H2 H2 = 16.5 x Gas x PercentSR / (37 x 100 x 0.08988) Elec = Elec + ElecComp x Amount 199 Elec = Elec + ElecComp x Biogas Biogasmed = Gas Is electricity required to compress gas for storage ? Gas = Gas / 0.71 4 Elec = Elec + ElecCH4 x Gas Heat = Heat + HeatCH4 x Gas Recover CH4 ? No Yes No Yes Yes Gas = Gas x 0.072 CO2 = (Gas x (1 00 - Methane) x 1 .964) / ( 0.71 4 x Methane) Methanol = Percent x Gas x 1 00 / ( 37.5 x 0.79 x 1 00 ) CH4 = ( Gas - ( Percent x Gas / 100 )) / 0.714 Methanol = Percent x CO2 x 100 / ( 34.5 x 0.79 x 100) CH4 = Gas - Percent x 37.5 x CO2 / (34.5 x 100 ) Methanol = Methanol + Percent x CH4 x 1 28 / ( 64 x 0.79 x 1 00 ) CH4 = ( CH4 - Percent x CH4 / 1 00 ) / 0.71 4 No Elec95 = Electricity Required to Upgrade Biogas to 95% Methane (kWh/m3) ElecCH4 = Electricity Required for Steam Reforming or Catalytic Sysnthesis (kWh/m3) HeatCH4 = Heat Required for Steam Reforming or Catalytic Sysnthesis (kWh/m3) Methane = % Methane Content in Biogas 0.072 kg CH4 = 1 kWh Elec = Elec + ElecComp x Biogas Yes CH4 = Gas CH4 = (( Gas - PercentSR x Gas) / 100 ) / 0.714 Amount = Amount + CH4 CH4 = Ch4 x 35800 / 3610.3 Is electricity required to compress gas for storage ? H2 = H2 x 12600 / 3610.3 Yes Is CO2 >= 34.5 x Gas / 37.5 ? No Can extra CO2 be used ? Is electricity required to Yes Yes Elec = Elec + ElecComp x Biogas compress gas for storage ? Figure 6.4 (cont) Anaerobic Digestion Algorithm No CH4 = Ch4 x 35800 / 3610.3 Gas = Gas / 0.71 4 Elec = Elec + ElecCH4 x Gas Heat = Heat + HeatCH4 x Gas No
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
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met by process integration and the
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Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
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1. Scale for measuring out lye and
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feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
Page 147 and 148: of the definition window for a Stir
Page 149 and 150: and continuous operation. Again, mu
Page 151 and 152: The performance of a fuel cell is n
Page 153 and 154: percentage loading, rather than usi
Page 155 and 156: Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
Page 157 and 158: 5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
Page 159 and 160: 5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
Page 161 and 162: original calculation of the amount
Page 163 and 164: 5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
Page 165 and 166: following the heat demand. To follo
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Page 169 and 170: As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
Page 171 and 172: Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
Page 173 and 174: Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
Page 175 and 176: information is given about the over
Page 177 and 178: [23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
Page 179 and 180: the gasification and pyrolysis defi
Page 181 and 182: eing used each day for a continuous
Page 183 and 184: Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
Page 185 and 186: 6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
Page 187 and 188: The amount of hydrogen that can be
Page 189 and 190: direct proportion, and the weight o
Page 191 and 192: produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
Page 193 and 194: Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
Page 195 and 196: 3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
Page 197: Where Methane = Methane Production
Page 201 and 202: Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
Page 203 and 204: production and energy use profiles
Page 205 and 206: If it is the last timestep of the p
Page 207 and 208: For each process, the process chara
Page 209 and 210: At the end of the simulation, graph
Page 211 and 212: As the time required for one batch
Page 213 and 214: Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
Page 215 and 216: 6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
Page 217 and 218: 6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
Page 219 and 220: Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223 and 224: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 225 and 226: The different profile of use graphs
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
Page 233 and 234: The output obtained when a second h
Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237 and 238: Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
Page 239 and 240: clarity. A constant supply rate of
Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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Page 247 and 248: Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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