PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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3 APPROACHES TO RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM DESIGN 65 3.1 Geographical Information Systems 65 3.2 Matching Demand and Supply 66 3.2.1 Area Specific Analysis 67 3.2.2 Generic Programs 68 3.2.3 Optimisation Tools 70 3.3 The Use of Biomass and Waste 71 3.4 Conclusions 74 3.5 References 77 4 A PROCEDURE FOR DEMAND AND SUPPLY MATCHING 79 4.1 Demand Definition 81 4.2 Supply Definition 85 4.2.1 Derived Fuel Production Specification 86 4.2.2 Intermittent Energy Supplies 90 4.2.3 Supplies Which Follow Demand and/or Require Fuel 91 4.3 The Matching Process 93 4.3.1 Derived Fuel Availability 94 4.3.2 Multiple Load Following Supplies 95 4.3.3 Four Different Energy Demand Types 100 4.3.4 Transport Demands 100 4.3.5 The Overall Matching Procedure 101 4.3.6 Outputs of the Matching Process 104 4.4 References 105 5 LOAD FOLLOWING SUPPLY ALGORITHMS 106 5.1 Vehicle Performance Algorithm 106 5.1.1 Fuel consumption 107 5.1.2 Storage and Refuelling Options 110 5.1.3 Vehicle Use Algorithm 111 5.1.4 Electric Vehicle Charge Algorithm 115 5.1.5 Other Vehicle Types 123 5.2 Internal Combustion and Diesel Engine Modelling 123 5.2.1 Required Power 125 5.2.2 Engine Derating 125 5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Context of Varying Load 127 5.2.4 Determination of Required Percentage Load 128 5.2.5 Multiple Engine Generator Sets 130 5.2.6 Heat to Electricity Ratio 134 5.2.7 Actual Fuel Consumption 140 5.2.8 Estimating Biodiesel Performance From Diesel Consumption 146 5.3 Stirling Engine Model 146 5.4 Gas Turbine Model 147 6
5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fuel Cell Model 150 5.6.1 Operating Temperature 151 5.6.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 151 5.6.3 Multiple Fuel Cell Generation Sets 152 5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less Than Required 157 5.7 Electrolyser Model 159 5.7.1 Electrolyser Performance Algorithm 159 5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model 163 5.9 Instantaneous Space and Water Heating System Model 164 5.10 Space Heating Storage Heater Model 165 5.11 Hot Water Storage System Model 167 5.12 References 175 6 DERIVED FUEL PRODUCTION ALGORITHMS 178 6.1 Gasification and Pyrolysis 178 6.1.1 Feedstock Availability 179 6.1.2 Process Characteristics 182 6.1.3 Use of Biogas 185 6.1.4 General Comments 189 6.2 Anaerobic Digestion 190 6.2.1 Process Characteristics 190 6.2.2 Energy Requirements 192 6.2.3 Use of Biogas 193 6.3 Transesterification 200 6.3.1 Feedstock Availability 200 6.3.2 Continuous Process Characteristics 202 6.3.3 Batch Process Characteristics 202 6.3.4 Use of Crop Residue 205 6.4 Fermentation 207 6.4.1 Feedstock Availability 207 6.4.2 Continuous Process Characteristics 208 6.4.3 Batch Process Characteristics 209 6.4.4 Use of Residues 211 6.5 Electrolysis 215 6.6 Waste and Biomass Processing Technologies 215 6.7 Landfill Gas Processing 217 6.8 References 217 7
Page 1 and 2: Decision Support for New and Renewa
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The global requirement for
Page 5: CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
Page 9 and 10: FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 11 and 12: Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
Page 13 and 14: on the use of fossil fuels, energy
Page 15 and 16: The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18: supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22: on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24: Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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