PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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[4] E. W. Justi, “A solar-hydrogen energy system”, New York: Plenum Press, 1987 [5] J. M. Ogden, “Prospects for building a hydrogen energy infrastructure”, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ. 1999, 24, pp 227-279 [6] Centre for Biomass Technology “Danish Bioenergy solutions”, Energistyrelsen, 2000, www.videncenter.dk [7] California Energy Commission, www.energy.ca.gov [8] United States Department of Energy, www.fueleconomy.gov [9] Alternative Fuels Data Centre, www.afdc.doe.gov [10] P. Whalen, K. Kelly, R. Motta and J. Broderick, “Alternative Fuel Light Duty Vehicles”, NREL, May 1996 [11] Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium, “Heavy Duty Vehicles Testing Report – Final Emissions Report” February 15, 2000 [12] R. Motta, P. Norton, K. Kelly, K. Chandler, L. Schumacher and N. Clark, “Alternative Fuel Transit Buses Final Results from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Vehicle Evaluation Program” NREL, October 1996 [13] “Well-to-Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems” General Motors Corporation, Argonne National Laboratory, BP, Exxon Mobil and Shell, April 2001 [14] Personal correspondence, Hank Seiff, Director of Technology, Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, www.ngvc.org [15] The UK Biogas Association, www.biogas.org.uk [16] T. B. Johansson et al, “Renewable energy: sources for fuels and electricity”, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1993 [17] K. J. Kelly, B. K. Bailey, T. C. Coburn, W. Clark, L.Eudy and P. Lissiuk “FTP Emissions Test Results from Flexible-Fuel Methanol Dodge Spirits and Ford Econoline Vans”, Society for Automotive Engineers, International Spring Fuels and Lubricants Meeting, Dearborn, MI, May 6-8, 1996 [18] Trucking Research Institute, “Hennepin County’s Experience with Heavy- Duty Ethanol Vehicles”, NREL, January 1998 [19] DaimlerChrysler Vehicle Manufacturers, www.daimlerchrysler.com [20] The Methanol Institute, www.methanol.org [21] International Fuel Cells, www.ifc.com 60
[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA) “New Car Fuel Consumption and Emission Figures” January 2001, www.vca.gov.uk [23] European Electric Road Vehicle Association, www.avere.org [24] National Biodiesel Board, www.biodiesel.org [25] L. C. Wilbur, “Handbook of Energy Systems Engineering – Production and Utilisation” John Wiley & Sons 1985 [26] Volvo Penta, “Sales Guide – Generating Set Engines – 2001/2002”, www.volvopenta.com [27] Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “A Technical and Economic Assessment of Small Stirling Engines for Combined Heat and Power”, Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, January 1993, www.energy- efficiency.gov.uk, 0800 585794 [28] Personal correspondence, D. Jones, UK Area Manager, Victron Energy, www.whispergen.com [29] Personal correspondence, S. Kolin, www.sigma-el.com [30] Centre for Biomass Technology “Straw for Energy Production”, Energistyrelsen, 1998, www.videncenter.dk [31] Centre for Biomass Technology “Wood for Energy Production”, Energistyrelsen, 1999, www.videncenter.dk [32] Alstom Power, Gas Turbines Division, www.power.alstom.com [33] Fuel Cell Energy, www.fce.com [34] Energy Partners, www.energypartners.org [35] International Fuel Cells, www.internationalfuelcells.com [36] Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “Economic Use of Fired Space Heaters for Industry and Commerce”, Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, 1993, www.energy-efficiency.gov.uk, 0800 585794 [37] Travis Industries, Wood Pellet and Gas Hearth Heating Appliances, www.hearth.com/travis [38] China Vanward, Water Heating Systems, www.china- vanward.com/products [39] Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “Good Practice Guide 16 – Guide for Installers of Condensing Boilers in Commercial Buildings”, Energy 61
Page 1 and 2:
Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
Page 9 and 10: FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 11 and 12: Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
Page 13 and 14: on the use of fossil fuels, energy
Page 15 and 16: The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18: supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22: on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24: Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 63 and 64: [55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66: 3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68: Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70: A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72: the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74: There are various models available
Page 75 and 76: When the use of climate dependant i
Page 77 and 78: 3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
Page 79 and 80: 4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
Page 81 and 82: pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
Page 83 and 84: for the agricultural vehicle use re
Page 85 and 86: Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
Page 87 and 88: ates for vehicles, engines and othe
Page 89 and 90: Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
Page 91 and 92: together if desired, and taken forw
Page 93 and 94: profiles are output from this part
Page 95 and 96: dividing the production rate at eac
Page 97 and 98: As it would be too confusing to sho
Page 99 and 100: Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
Page 101 and 102: However, when more than one transpo
Page 103 and 104: considered, this amount is added to
Page 105 and 106: users are alerted if there is not e
Page 107 and 108: at the matching stage, along with t
Page 109 and 110: vehicles if they are increased by 1
Page 111 and 112:
If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
Page 297 and 298:
Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
Page 299 and 300:
Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
Page 301:
Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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