PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Stage 3 - Auxiliary Systems (dependant on demand and/or fuel availability) The auxiliary system definition window gives the opportunity to define the plant and control characteristics for a range of auxiliary system types, including electricity storage devices, engines, turbines, fuel cells, heating systems, heat storage systems, electrolysers and vehicles. Again, each technology has its own definition window, which functions in the same way as the supply windows. As the performance of the auxiliary systems cannot be calculated until the demand and supply matching stage, a description of the system appears in the window when each system has been defined. If this is satisfactory, it may be accepted in exactly the same way as for the demand profiles. 7.1.4 Match and Dispatch The final stage is to match supply and demand. When the matching window opens, the fuel choice window also opens, allowing the choice of which fuels will be available for consideration (see Appendix 1). This choice may be changed at any time during matching. It is important to avoid unnecessary fuel production, as energy demands are often associated with these. The chosen demand, supply and auxiliary profiles are given as buttons at the top centre of the screen. Different combinations can be tried by clicking once on the different buttons to select them and twice to clear and start again. To see which profile is which, hover over the button for a few seconds and the name will appear below the cursor. Any number of profiles may be chosen for matching, and the auxiliary profiles are applied in the order in which they are chosen. Three graphs are shown at the bottom: • Graph 1 - Demand and Supply • Graph 2 - Residual Power • Graph 3 - Auxiliary Performance. 224
The different profile of use graphs for the auxiliary supplies can be toggled between using the arrow button above the third graph. Other useful information about each auxiliary supply is given in the box above this. The box at the top right hand corner contains information about the match, including a match rating out of ten. This also contains overall fuel consumption information for each of the different fuels available, and an estimated annual consumption if seasonal representative times are being used. Again, the arrow button can be used to toggle between these. Pressing the arrow button above the first graph changes the energy demand and supply shown (e.g. electricity, heat), or shows a fuel storage profile (the amount of fuel requiring to be stored at any given time) for each of the fuel types. Different demand and supply combinations can be tried, and it is possible, at any time, to go back to the earlier stages and amend demand, supply and auxiliary data to help improve the match. All potential matches between demands and intermittent supplies can be assessed automatically by using the Auto Search function, and specific match and overall data can be exported to a Microsoft Excel file. 7.1.5 General Information The entire project, including all selected data and profiles may be saved at any time. A report of the project, containing information from all the stages, may also be generated. 7.2 Verification As the algorithms used to model the behaviour and output of the various fuel supply and load following plants considered here were designed to emulate the behaviour described by manufacturers and users, and to follow input control strategies, the performance of each of these new models has been verified against these parameters, and the assumptions outlined in Chapters 5 and 6. The verification processes followed are outlined below. 225
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Decision Support for New and Renewa
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Abstract The global requirement for
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CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
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5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
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FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
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Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
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on the use of fossil fuels, energy
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The general increase in energy cons
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supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
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Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
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on different generation mixes depen
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Various studies have been carried o
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provision for smaller areas, and he
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1.7 References [1] The Internationa
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2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
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the amount of usable heat that is g
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the conversion of petrol cars; howe
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set times, producing a constant ele
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partial load. Fast response and sta
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2.3 The Production and Storage of H
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dedicated boiler, which runs contin
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Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
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part of the natural carbon cycle (a
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Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
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met by process integration and the
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Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
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1. Scale for measuring out lye and
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feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
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carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
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• Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
Page 173 and 174: Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
Page 175 and 176: information is given about the over
Page 177 and 178: [23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
Page 179 and 180: the gasification and pyrolysis defi
Page 181 and 182: eing used each day for a continuous
Page 183 and 184: Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
Page 185 and 186: 6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
Page 187 and 188: The amount of hydrogen that can be
Page 189 and 190: direct proportion, and the weight o
Page 191 and 192: produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
Page 193 and 194: Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
Page 195 and 196: 3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
Page 197 and 198: Where Methane = Methane Production
Page 199 and 200: (continued) Keep as medium heating
Page 201 and 202: Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
Page 203 and 204: production and energy use profiles
Page 205 and 206: If it is the last timestep of the p
Page 207 and 208: For each process, the process chara
Page 209 and 210: At the end of the simulation, graph
Page 211 and 212: As the time required for one batch
Page 213 and 214: Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
Page 215 and 216: 6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
Page 217 and 218: 6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
Page 219 and 220: Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
Page 223: Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
Page 233 and 234: The output obtained when a second h
Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
Page 237 and 238: Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
Page 239 and 240: clarity. A constant supply rate of
Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
Page 243 and 244: Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
Page 245 and 246: esidual heat demand as this would r
Page 247 and 248: Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
Page 249 and 250: This chapter described how the over
Page 251 and 252: heat and electricity during the tou
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
Page 255 and 256: to allow for efficient operation du
Page 257 and 258: would be incurred, and the scale of
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
Page 261 and 262: heat demand or both, or run at cons
Page 263 and 264: ut with 30% less land being require
Page 265 and 266: 9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
Page 267 and 268: through these, technically viable p
Page 269 and 270: considered. The introduction of coo
Page 271 and 272: When considering larger geographica
Page 273 and 274: Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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