PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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the use of electrical storage heaters and hot water storage systems that take in excess electricity or heat. Chapter 6 describes the algorithms used to model the production of fuels from a variety of biomass and waste sources using various processes. These include transesterification to produce biodiesel, anaerobic digestion, landfill gas production and gasification to produce biogas, fermentation to produce ethanol, electrolysis to produce hydrogen from a dedicated intermittent source, biogas processing to produce hydrogen and methanol, pyrolysis to produce oil and charcoal, and other waste and biomass processing technologies. Some of these processes have energy demands associated with them, and this is taken into account. Chapter 7 gives a user’s view of the developed software package, and discusses how the correct behaviour of the added functionality was verified. Chapter 8 tests the applicability of the program using a relevant case study, highlighting the use of biomass, waste, and derived fuels to complement intermittent renewable energy sources. Finally, Chapter 9 presents the conclusions of this study, and recommendations for future work. This chapter discussed the need for sustainable energy development, and the planning issues relating to sustainable energy supply system design. A decision support framework is proposed that will aid the technical design of efficient and reliable sustainable energy systems, in order to support planning for, and encourage, future development. The range of currently available system components that require consideration to allow a full investigation of sustainable energy system design, for any given area, are described in Chapter 2 26
1.7 References [1] The International Institute for Sustainable Development, iisd1.iisd.ca/ic/ [2] National Biodiesel Board, www.biodiesel.org [3] California Energy Commission, www.energy.ca.gov [4] The European Commission global overview of renewable energy sources, www.agores.org [5] Department of Trade and Industry, ‘UK Energy in Brief’, July 2001, www.dti.gov.uk [6] BP Amoco, “BP statistical review of world energy 2001”, www.bpamoco.com/centres/energy/world_stat_rev/index.asp [7] M. J. Grubb, ‘The integration of renewable electricity sources’, Energy Policy, 1991, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp 670-688 [8] F. R. McLarnon, E. J. Cairns, ‘Energy Storage’, Review of Energy, Vol. 14, pp 241-271 [9] T. B. Johansson et al, “Renewable energy: sources for fuels and electricity”, Island Press, Washington, D.C., 1993 [10] The European Commission, “Energy technology – the next steps. Summary findings from the ATLAS project”, December 1997 [11] H. Lund, P. A. Ostergaard, “Electric grid and heat planning scenarios with centralised and distributed sources of conventional, CHP and wind generation”, Energy 25, 2000, pp 299-312 [12] D. McEvoy, D. C. Gibbs, J. W. S. Longhurst, “City-regions and the development of sustainable energy supply systems”, Int. J. Energy Res. 2000, 24, pp 215-237 [13] The International Energy Agency, CADDET, www.caddet.org [14] Transco, Energy Efficiency Best Practice Programme, “chp-sizer – a tool to conduct a preliminary evaluation of CHP for new hospitals and hotels”, Energy Efficiency Office, Department of the Environment, www.energy- efficiency.gov.uk, 0800 585794 [15] L. Sharpe, “When downtime is a disaster”, IEE Review, November 2001 [16] The National Grid Company, www.nationalgrid.com [17] S. Hermansen, A. J. Neilsen, “Towards 100 % RES supply on Samsoe, Denmark. Three years of experiences in a planning period over ten years”, Proc. 27
Page 1 and 2: Decision Support for New and Renewa
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The global requirement for
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
Page 7 and 8: 5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
Page 9 and 10: FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 11 and 12: Figure 7.30 Following Electricity a
Page 13 and 14: on the use of fossil fuels, energy
Page 15 and 16: The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18: supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22: on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24: Various studies have been carried o
Page 25: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
Page 61 and 62: [22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
Page 63 and 64: [55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
Page 65 and 66: 3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
Page 67 and 68: Because of the intermittent nature
Page 69 and 70: A renewable energy supply evaluatio
Page 71 and 72: the system are kept. The output of
Page 73 and 74: There are various models available
Page 75 and 76: When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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