PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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Figure 5.17 Average Heat Rate Versus Output for a Steam Turbine 149 Figure 5.18 Typical Efficiency of a Fuel Cell Under Partial Loading 152 Figure 5.19 Determination of Percentage Load for a Fuel Cell 155 Figure 5.20 Possible Load Determination for a Fuel Cell 158 Figure 5.21 Electrolyser Algorithm 162 Figure 5.22 Instantaneous Heater Algorithm 165 Figure 5.23 Algorithm for Adding Heat to a Storage Heater 166 Figure 5.24 Algorithm for Using Stored Heat to Supply Heat Demand 167 Figure 5.25 Stored Hot Water Heating Using Excess Heat or Electricity 171 Figure 5.26 Stored Hot Water to Meet Heat and Hot Water Demands 173 Figure 6.1 Gasification and Pyrolysis Feedstock Availability Algorithm 181 Figure 6.2 Seasonal Biogas Supply 182 Figure 6.3 Gasification and Pyrolysis Algorithm 184 Figure 6.4 Anaerobic Digestion Algorithm 198 Figure 6.4 (cont) Anaerobic Digestion Algorithm 199 Figure 6.5 Transesterification Feedstock Availability Algorithm 201 Figure 6.6 Transesterification Algorithm 206 Figure 6.7 Fermentation Algorithm 213 Figure 6.8 Fermentation Use of Residues Algorithm 214 Figure 6.9 Waste and Biomass Processing Algorithm 216 Figure 7.1 The Principal Components of MERIT 219 Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Monthly Fuel Use 221 Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Input Parameters 227 Figure 7.4 Fermentation System Output 227 Figure 7.5 Fermentation System Information Box 228 Figure 7.6 Fermentation System Output 228 Figure 7.8 Fuel Storage Graph at the Matching Stage 229 Figure 7.9 Fermentation System Input Parameters 230 Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Output 231 Figure 7.11 Fermentation System Output 231 Figure 7.12 Fuel Storage Graph at the Matching Stage 232 Figure 7.13 Increased Electricity Demand Due to Fuel Production 232 Figure 7.14 Multiple Harvest Period Output (1) 234 Figure 7.15 Multiple Harvest Period Output (2) 234 Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Parameters for the Crop Residues 235 Figure 7.17 Information Box 235 Figure 7.18 Fermentation Output Including Anaerobic Digestion 236 Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Input Parameters 237 Figure 7.20 Fermentation System Output (Batch Production) 237 Figure 7.21 Fermentation System Output (Batch Production) 238 Figure 7.22 Engine Specification 239 Figure 7.23 Engine Output (Run at Specific Times) 240 Figure 7.24 Fuel Storage Profile 240 Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile 241 Figure 7.26 Insufficient Fuel 241 Figure 7.27 Following Electricity Demand 242 Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load 243 Figure 7.29 Following Electricity and Heat Demand (1) 243 10
Figure 7.30 Following Electricity and Heat Demand (2) 244 Figure 7.31 Including Intermittent Supplies 245 Figure 7.32 First Engine: Following the Heat Demand 245 Figure 7.33 Second Engine: Following the Electricity Demand 246 Figure 7.34 First Engine: Following the Electricity Demand 246 Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Following the Heat Demand 247 Figure 7.36 Seasonal Ethanol Production 248 Figure 7.37 Producing Hydrogen from Excess Electricity 248 Figure 8.1: Overall Yearly Electricity Demand Profile 252 Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Demand Profile 253 Figure 8.3: Potential Biogas Supply 255 Figure 8.4: Electricity Supply and Demand and Electrolyser Loading 258 Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and Demand and Fuel Cell Loading 259 Figure 8.6: Heat Supply and Demand and Hydrogen Heater Loading 259 Figure 8.7: Hydrogen Storage Requirement Profile 260 11
Page 1 and 2: Decision Support for New and Renewa
Page 3 and 4: Abstract The global requirement for
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS 1 ENERGY SYSTEMS FOR SUSTA
Page 7 and 8: 5.5 Steam Turbine Model 149 5.6 Fue
Page 9: FIGURES Figure 1.1 Final Energy Con
Page 13 and 14: on the use of fossil fuels, energy
Page 15 and 16: The general increase in energy cons
Page 17 and 18: supply is reduced or eliminated, lo
Page 19 and 20: Figure 1.3 The Electricity Supply G
Page 21 and 22: on different generation mixes depen
Page 23 and 24: Various studies have been carried o
Page 25 and 26: provision for smaller areas, and he
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 References [1] The Internationa
Page 29 and 30: 2 Options for New and Renewable Ene
Page 31 and 32: the amount of usable heat that is g
Page 33 and 34: the conversion of petrol cars; howe
Page 35 and 36: set times, producing a constant ele
Page 37 and 38: partial load. Fast response and sta
Page 39 and 40: 2.3 The Production and Storage of H
Page 41 and 42: dedicated boiler, which runs contin
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.3 A Typical Hydrogen Filli
Page 45 and 46: part of the natural carbon cycle (a
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.4 Layout of a Gasification
Page 49 and 50: met by process integration and the
Page 51 and 52: Figure 2.5 The Inputs and Outputs o
Page 53 and 54: 1. Scale for measuring out lye and
Page 55 and 56: feedstock being used. Sugary feedst
Page 57 and 58: carbon dioxide via steam reforming.
Page 59 and 60: • Where CHP is used, the balance
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[22] Vehicle Certification Agency (
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[55] M. A. Paisley, J. M. Irving, R
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3 Approaches to Renewable Energy Sy
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Because of the intermittent nature
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A renewable energy supply evaluatio
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the system are kept. The output of
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There are various models available
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When the use of climate dependant i
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3.5 References [1] M. Muselli, G. N
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4 A Procedure for Demand and Supply
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pumped storage and flywheels), a ba
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for the agricultural vehicle use re
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Figure 4.4 Combining Demands to Tak
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ates for vehicles, engines and othe
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Figure 4.5 Derived Fuel Production
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together if desired, and taken forw
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profiles are output from this part
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dividing the production rate at eac
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As it would be too confusing to sho
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Figure 4.12 Output of the Matching
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However, when more than one transpo
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considered, this amount is added to
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users are alerted if there is not e
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at the matching stage, along with t
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vehicles if they are increased by 1
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If biogas is being considered, the
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The number of timesteps per hour wi
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After the algorithm has been follow
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• Float Charge - once the battery
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Discharge No tank = tank fuel used
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equired (kW) = maxkWh x bulk% (5.16
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An example of the output graph prod
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5.2.1 Required Power Specifically d
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5.2.3 Engine Performance in the Con
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used for gas powered ICEs, but the
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and five times, depending on the nu
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Is PL < Min ? No Is PL = 0 ? No Is
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where Max = maximum energy availabl
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where Ratiopart = heat to electrici
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(including following heat demand wh
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where SFC = specific fuel consumpti
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engines running respectively). If t
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(continued) Is Fuel Available > (4
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of the definition window for a Stir
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and continuous operation. Again, mu
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The performance of a fuel cell is n
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percentage loading, rather than usi
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Is Min = 0 ? No Is Min = PC1 ? No I
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5.6.4 If Fuel Availability is Less
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5.7 Electrolyser Model An electroly
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original calculation of the amount
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5.8 Regenerative Fuel Cell Model A
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following the heat demand. To follo
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C:\ My Documents\ Nic\ Thesis\ Old\
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As 1 kWh = 3610.3 kJ, and using lit
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Add Heat to Water Storage Tank Usin
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Use Stored Hot Water to Supply Heat
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information is given about the over
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[23] K. Foger, B. Godfrey, “Syste
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the gasification and pyrolysis defi
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eing used each day for a continuous
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Where Biogas = Biogas production ra
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6.1.3 Use of Biogas Various options
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The amount of hydrogen that can be
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direct proportion, and the weight o
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produce in total (Nm 3 per tonne fe
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Electricity (kW) = Elec x Feed (6.1
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3. Make hydrogen via steam reformin
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Where Methane = Methane Production
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(continued) Keep as medium heating
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Yes Feed1 = Yield1 x Land1 / No. of
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production and energy use profiles
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If it is the last timestep of the p
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For each process, the process chara
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At the end of the simulation, graph
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As the time required for one batch
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Ethanol = Factor1 x Eth x Timesteps
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6.5 Electrolysis As it is sometimes
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6.7 Landfill Gas Processing As the
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Demand Profile Design & Profile Dat
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Figure 7.2 Degree-Days Versus Month
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Stage 1 - Sustainable Fuel Supply S
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The different profile of use graphs
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Figure 7.3 Fermentation System Inpu
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Figure 7.7 Fermentation System Info
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Figure 7.10 Fermentation System Out
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The output obtained when a second h
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Figure 7.16 Anaerobic Digestion Par
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Figure 7.19 Fermentation System Inp
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clarity. A constant supply rate of
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Figure 7.25 Heat Demand Profile Fig
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Figure 7.28 Effect of Minimum Load
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esidual heat demand as this would r
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Figure 7.35 Second Engine: Followin
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This chapter described how the over
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heat and electricity during the tou
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Figure 8.2: Overall Yearly Heat Dem
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to allow for efficient operation du
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would be incurred, and the scale of
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Figure 8.5: Electricity Supply and
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heat demand or both, or run at cons
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ut with 30% less land being require
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9 Conclusions and Recommendations T
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through these, technically viable p
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considered. The introduction of coo
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When considering larger geographica
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Appendix 1: Program Windows Figure
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Figure A1.5 CreateClimate.exe Figur
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Figure A1.9: Demand Profile Designe
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Figure A1.13: Derived Fuel Supply W
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Figure A1.17: Fermentation System D
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Figure A1.21: PV Electrolysis Syste
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Figure A1.25: Fuel Supply Profile D
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Figure A1.29: Auxilliary Supply Def
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Figure A1.33: Stirling Engine Syste
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Figure A1.37: Fuel Cell System Defi
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Figure A1.41: Electric Vehicle Syst
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Figure A1.45: Vehicle Conversion Fa
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Figure A1.49: Heating System Defini
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Figure A1.53: Pumped Hydro System D
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Figure A1.57: Auto Search Evaluatio
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PhD Thesis - Energy Systems Research Unit - University of Strathclyde

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