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RESULTS Glacier changes between the 1950s and 2003 for the study areas in Columbia and Venezuela were determined using historical information and satellite images. In the 1950s, the total glacier area for three study regions in Colombia was 89.33 km 2 . By 2003 the total glacier area had been reduced to 45.77 km 2 . From the 1950s to 2003 the calculated total ice loss in Colombia was 43.56 km 2 . The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy contributed 52% of the total ice lost, the Ruiz-Tolima Massif contributed 42% of this loss and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta contributed 6%. These ice loss percentages are directly related to the total glacier area of each region. Out of the 10 Venezuela glaciers mapped in 1952 with a total area of 2.91 km 2 (Schubert 1998), only one glacier is still visible from ASTER and Landsat images as of 1985. In 2004 the last remaining glacier on the Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis, decreased from 2.03 km 2 in 1952 to 0.29 km 2 or 86% of its 1952 area. Unfortunately, several images analyzed of this glaciated region had to be eliminated due to seasonal snow cover in the area. Colombia Table 3. Glacier Areas Glacier Series Date Area (km 2 ) Ruiz-Tolima Massif 1959 Historic * 10/24/1997 01/28/2001 33.95 17.47 15.81 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 1957 Historic * 1973 Historic * 12/20/2000 16.26 14.10 13.66 1959 Historic * 39.12 Sierra Nevada del Cocuy 1973 Historic * 05/25/1999 03/06/2002 28.00 20.39 16.30 03/02/2003 16.30 1952 Historic * 2.03 Pico Bonpland Massif Sinigüis 03/24/1985 01/20/1988 01/29/2000 02/11/2002 0.66 0.58 0.38 0.33 03/02/2003 0.29 * Measurements taken from Hoyos-Patiño (1998) and Schubert (1998) Venezuela Ruiz-Tolima Massif In 1959, five peaks with glaciers existed in the Parque Nacional de los Nevados, but as of 1976 only three glaciated peaks are still visible, Ruiz, Tolima, and Santa Isabel (Hoyas-Patiño, 1998). In 1959, glacier area on the Ruiz-Tolima Massif was 33.95 km 2 and was reduced to 15.81 km 2 by 2001 (Figure 2). This represents a 53% loss in ice over a 42-year time span. Individually, glaciers on the Nevado del Ruiz decreased from 21.4 km 2 to 10.92 km 2 , a total loss of 49%. The Nevado del Santa Isabel glaciers decreased from 9.78 km 2 to 3.61 km 2 , losing 63% of their area. The Nevado del Tolima glaciers declined from 2.22 km 2 in 1959 to 1.26 km 2 in 2001, a total ice loss of 43% (Tables 3 and 4). 186
Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-Tolima Massif Glacier Date Area (km 2 ) Nevado de 1959 Historic * 9.78 Santa Isabel 10/24/1997 4.19 01/28/2001 3.61 Nevado del Ruiz 1959 Historic * 21.40 10/24/1997 12.13 01/28/2001 10.92 Nevado del 1959 Historic * 2.22 Tolima 10/24/1997 1.15 01/28/2001 1.26 *Measurements taken from Hoyos-Patiño(1998) Figure 2. Time Series for Ruiz-Tolima Massif Glaciers Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was the second Colombian Glacier region studied (10º34′ N and 73º43′ W). As determined from aerial photography, the region had 88 glaciers in 1957 with a total glacial area of 16.26 km 2 (Hoyas-Patiño 1998). Based on the 2000 ASTER image the total glaciated area was 13.66 km 2 . Using the 2000 ASTER image, the most recent available snow free image, the total ice loss for the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is 2.86 km 2 or 16% (Table 3 and Figure 3). However, the 2000 estimate of glacier area still may be impacted by some transient snow cover. 187
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Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
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FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
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CONTENTS Foreword..................
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STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
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EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
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THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
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Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
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3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
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Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
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Figure 4. The general layout of the
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lue color represented no convection
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Total Density of Water Profiles The
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Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
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Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
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Campbell Scientific Award for Best
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19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
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R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
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Snow and Climate 37
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Spatial distributions of changes in
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Snow and Climate Posters 43
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Figure 2 presents correlation maps
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CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
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Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
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ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONF
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This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
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Cyclones that track west of the App
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The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
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CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in
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correlations between April-May snow
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Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
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winter/early spring could contribut
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Snow Remote Sensing 73
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height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
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strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
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Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
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estimated snow depth based on the 2
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important to note that the average
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Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
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METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
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Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
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snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
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Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
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Evaluation of the global distributi
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Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
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Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
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105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
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and validated regionally so they ca
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109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
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Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
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Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
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Considering the facts mentioned abo
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Besides the temporal validation, th
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RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
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63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
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over the period 1988-2000. With the
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Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
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correspondence between simulated an
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values. Continued development of ne
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National Climatic Data Center (2005
Page 147 and 148: Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
Page 149 and 150: ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
Page 151 and 152: day and has a mean pixel resolution
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
Page 155 and 156: The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
Page 157 and 158: coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
Page 161 and 162: For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
Page 163 and 164: threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
Page 165 and 166: ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
Page 167 and 168: DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
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Page 175 and 176: 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
Page 179 and 180: independent of regions. This greatl
Page 181 and 182: slightly vary the IMS with this pro
Page 183 and 184: imagery, the higher latitudes rely
Page 185 and 186: MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
Page 187 and 188: FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
Page 189 and 190: information never present before on
Page 191 and 192: Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
Page 195 and 196: The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
Page 197: Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
Page 201 and 202: Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
Page 203 and 204: Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass
Page 205 and 206: Snowpack Processes 193
Page 207 and 208: 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
Page 209 and 210: In the following paragraph the main
Page 211 and 212: Figure 1: Variation of the season a
Page 213 and 214: Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
Page 215 and 216: The third pair (Figure 5) represent
Page 217 and 218: Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
Page 219 and 220: melting occurs, whereas at the high
Page 221 and 222: Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
Page 225 and 226: A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
Page 227 and 228: GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
Page 229 and 230: CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
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Page 233 and 234: Meteorological data for the winter
Page 235 and 236: monthly probability adjusted data 4
Page 237 and 238: 225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
Page 239 and 240: The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
Page 241 and 242: NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data C
Page 245 and 246: and mass balances for 540 environme
Page 247 and 248: Temperature, precipitation, windspe
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the left in response to snow compac
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Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
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Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
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Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
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From linear regression the constant
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DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
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Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
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Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
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is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
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Table 4. The calculated volume flux
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Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
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Data analysis techniques We synthes
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season, but unacceptable for the dr
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significant, although more informat
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(a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
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Future Work We are installing addit
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Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
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Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
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No one to date has shown why snowfl
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APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
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62nd ESC Papers 291
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62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
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each other; and, they both decrease
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297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
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comes in the form of precipitation.
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averaged to reduce bias in this var
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RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
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Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
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307 Table 9: Regression results bet
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Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
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TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
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