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1991. Unlike Ruiz, Nevado del Tolima and Nevado de Santa Isabel, the other stratovolcanoes in the Ruiz-Tolima Massif, are not currently in an eruptive state at this time (Hoyas-Patiño 1998). Figure 4 illustrates the time series of area measurements, and shows a general decline in glacier size from 1959 to 2001. The series of images from the glaciers of Sierra Nevada del Cocuy make up the largest time series in this study, 9 images over 44 years. Originally consisting of numerous distinct glaciers, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy has continually shown a significant loss in glacier size over the study period, resulting in steep general decrease in glacial area. The observed retreat of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy glaciers confirm notions of tropical glacier loss in this region. Finally, the glaciers of Venezuela are also disappearing. The sole remaining glacier, Sinigüis, showed a steady reduction in size between 1988 and 2003 after a dramatic decrease in size from 1952 to 1985. The computed loss rate from 1952 to 1985 and from 1988 to 2003 is 41515 m 2 /year and 19333 m 2 /year, respectively. Overall, a general decrease in glacier size is shown in Figure 5 during the 51-year period. CONCLUSION Overall a decline in glacial area can be seen throughout all four studied glacier regions of the tropical Colombian and Venezuelan Andes. Steady to extreme decreases in area are captured by the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) calculations completed in this study. From the 1950’s to present, significant snow and ice loss over the area portray proof of a regional glacier recession. Broadening the scale, glaciers throughout the tropics are showing similar retreating characteristics (Kaser 1999, Kincaid and Klein 2004), and globally, glaciers around the world, from different regions, climates, and human interferences, confirm the results of this survey (IPCC 2001). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by NASA Young Investigator Program Grant 02-000-0115. This project was completed as an undergraduate directed studies course in the Department of Geography at Texas A&M University. REFERENCES Abrams, M. 2000. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER): data products for the high spatial resolution imager on NASA’s Terra platform. International Journal of Remote Sensing 21: 847–849. Hall DK, Riggs GA, Salomonson VV. 1995. Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment 54: 127–140. Hoyos-Patiño F. 1998. Glaciers of Columbia. In Williams RS Jr. and Ferrigno JG (eds) Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World – South America. USGS Professional Paper 1386-I. United States Government Printing Office: Washington, DC: 11–30. IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge; 881pp. Kaser G. 1999. A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers. Global and Planetary Change 22: 93–103. Kincaid JL, Klein AG. 2004. Retreat of the Irian Jaya glaciers from 2000 to 2002 as measured from IKONIS Satellite Images. In Proceedings of the 61 st Eastern Snow Conference held June 9–11, Portland Maine, USA, 147–157. Landsat Project Science Office 2006. The Landsat-7 Science Data User's Handbook. http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov/handbook.html 190
Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass losses at the Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia, under the effect of the volcanic eruption of 1985; a study based on digital elevation models. Santa Fé de Bogotá Revista Cartográfica 59: 479–484. Linder W, Jordan E, Christke K. 1994. Post-eruptive ice losses on the Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia. Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie 1: 479–484. Schubert C. 1998. Glaciers of Venezuela. In Williams RS Jr. and Ferrigno JG (eds) Satellite Image Atlas of Glaciers of the World – South America. USGS Professional Paper 1386-I. United States Government Printing Office: Washington, DC: 1–10. Schubert C, Clapperton C. 1990. Quaternary Glaciations of the Northern Andes (Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador). Quaternary Science Reviews 9: 123–135. Thouret JC, Van der Hammen T, Salomons B, Juvigné E. 1996, Palaeoenvironmental changes and glacial stades of the last 50,000 years in the Cordillera Central, Colombia. Quaternary Research 46: 1–18. 191
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Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
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FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
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CONTENTS Foreword..................
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STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
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EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
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THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
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Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
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3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
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Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
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Figure 4. The general layout of the
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lue color represented no convection
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Total Density of Water Profiles The
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Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
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Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
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Campbell Scientific Award for Best
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19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
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R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
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Snow and Climate 37
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Spatial distributions of changes in
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Snow and Climate Posters 43
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Figure 2 presents correlation maps
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CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
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Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
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ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONF
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This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
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Cyclones that track west of the App
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The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
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CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in
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correlations between April-May snow
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Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
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winter/early spring could contribut
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Snow Remote Sensing 73
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height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
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strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
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Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
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estimated snow depth based on the 2
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important to note that the average
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Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
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METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
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Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
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snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
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Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
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Evaluation of the global distributi
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Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
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Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
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105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
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and validated regionally so they ca
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109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
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Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
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Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
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Considering the facts mentioned abo
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Besides the temporal validation, th
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RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
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63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
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over the period 1988-2000. With the
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Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
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correspondence between simulated an
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values. Continued development of ne
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National Climatic Data Center (2005
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Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
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ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
Page 151 and 152: day and has a mean pixel resolution
Page 153 and 154: Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
Page 155 and 156: The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
Page 157 and 158: coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
Page 159 and 160: Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
Page 161 and 162: For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
Page 163 and 164: threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
Page 165 and 166: ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
Page 167 and 168: DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
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Page 179 and 180: independent of regions. This greatl
Page 181 and 182: slightly vary the IMS with this pro
Page 183 and 184: imagery, the higher latitudes rely
Page 185 and 186: MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
Page 187 and 188: FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
Page 189 and 190: information never present before on
Page 191 and 192: Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
Page 195 and 196: The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
Page 197 and 198: Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-
Page 201: Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
Page 205 and 206: Snowpack Processes 193
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Page 209 and 210: In the following paragraph the main
Page 211 and 212: Figure 1: Variation of the season a
Page 213 and 214: Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
Page 215 and 216: The third pair (Figure 5) represent
Page 217 and 218: Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
Page 219 and 220: melting occurs, whereas at the high
Page 221 and 222: Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
Page 225 and 226: A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
Page 227 and 228: GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
Page 229 and 230: CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
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Page 233 and 234: Meteorological data for the winter
Page 235 and 236: monthly probability adjusted data 4
Page 237 and 238: 225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
Page 239 and 240: The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
Page 241 and 242: NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data C
Page 245 and 246: and mass balances for 540 environme
Page 247 and 248: Temperature, precipitation, windspe
Page 249 and 250: the left in response to snow compac
Page 251 and 252: Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
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Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
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Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
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From linear regression the constant
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DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
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Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
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Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
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is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
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Table 4. The calculated volume flux
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Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
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Data analysis techniques We synthes
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season, but unacceptable for the dr
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significant, although more informat
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(a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
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Future Work We are installing addit
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Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
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Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
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No one to date has shown why snowfl
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APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
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62nd ESC Papers 291
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62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
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each other; and, they both decrease
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297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
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comes in the form of precipitation.
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averaged to reduce bias in this var
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RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
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Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
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307 Table 9: Regression results bet
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Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
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TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
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