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19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newark, Delaware USA 2006 Potential of a Water Balance Model with High Temporal Resolution for the Distributed Modelling of Ice- and Snowmelt Processes at High Elevated Sites ABSTRACT GERNOT KOBOLTSCHNIG 1 , HUBERT HOLZMANN 1 , WOLFGANG SCHOENER 2 , AND MASSIMILIANO ZAPPA 3 The potential of the distributed hydrological water balance model PREVAH at the small, highly glacierized catchment area of Goldbergkees in the Austrian Alps has been investigated. The model is driven by meteorological data from the observatory at Hoher Sonnblick, situated at the highest point of the catchment area. A dense network of field observations as additional input and validation data has been applied. In the final setting PREVAH has been run in an hourly time step based on 722 hydrological response units covering the catchment area. Both snow- and icemelt have been simulated by means of an advanced air temperature-index based approach taking potential direct solar radiation into account. A multi-validation approach using discharge hydrographs, measured snow water equivalent data (SWE), snow cover patterns derived from satellite data, and glacier mass balance investigations have been applied to validate the water balance of the hydrological year of 2004/2005. The comparison of modelled SWE with spatially dense SWE measurements at four different dates within the period May to July 2005 shows quite good accordance for both individual elevation bands and the entire catchment. The period of 2003/2004 has been used for cross-validating the model for discharge-hydrograph and ice melt. Icemelt and maximum snow accumulation have been validated against glacier mass balance measurements. The individual components contributing to runoff such as rainfall, snow- and icemelt have been separated for the hydrological year 2004/05 to estimate their fraction to total discharge which is 3.8% for rain, 86.8% for snow, and 9.4% for ice respectively. Finally recommendations are given for a possible improvement of hydrologic models considering snow- and icemelt at high elevated sites. Keywords: glacier melt; snowmelt; alpine hydrology; water balance of high elevated sites; SWE investigation INTRODUCTION According to the location, elevation and topography the contribution to runoff from glacier melt, snowmelt and rainfall at glacierized, alpine watersheds varies strongly depending on climate 1 University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. E-mail: gernot.koboltschnig@boku.ac.at 2 Central Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics (ZAMG), Hohewarte 38, A-1190 Vienna, Austria 3 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword..................
Page 7 and 8: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
Page 11 and 12: THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
Page 13 and 14: Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
Page 15 and 16: 3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
Page 19 and 20: Figure 4. The general layout of the
Page 21 and 22: lue color represented no convection
Page 23 and 24: Total Density of Water Profiles The
Page 25 and 26: Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
Page 27 and 28: Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
Page 29: Campbell Scientific Award for Best
Page 33 and 34: 21 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
Page 41 and 42: R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
Page 49 and 50: Snow and Climate 37
Page 53 and 54: Spatial distributions of changes in
Page 55 and 56: Snow and Climate Posters 43
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2 presents correlation maps
Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
Page 65 and 66: Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
Page 67 and 68: ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONF
Page 69 and 70: This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
Page 71 and 72: Cyclones that track west of the App
Page 73 and 74: The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
Page 75 and 76: CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in
Page 79 and 80: correlations between April-May snow
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Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
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winter/early spring could contribut
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Snow Remote Sensing 73
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75 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
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height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
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strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
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Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
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estimated snow depth based on the 2
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important to note that the average
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Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
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89 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
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METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
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Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
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snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
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Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
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Evaluation of the global distributi
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Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
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Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
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105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
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and validated regionally so they ca
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109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
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Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
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Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
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Considering the facts mentioned abo
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Besides the temporal validation, th
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RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
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63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
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over the period 1988-2000. With the
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Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
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correspondence between simulated an
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values. Continued development of ne
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National Climatic Data Center (2005
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Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
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ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
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day and has a mean pixel resolution
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Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
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The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
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coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
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Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
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For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
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threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
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ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
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DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
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180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
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independent of regions. This greatl
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slightly vary the IMS with this pro
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imagery, the higher latitudes rely
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MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
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FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
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information never present before on
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Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
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The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
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Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
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Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-
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Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
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Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass
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Snowpack Processes 193
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63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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In the following paragraph the main
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Figure 1: Variation of the season a
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Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
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The third pair (Figure 5) represent
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Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
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melting occurs, whereas at the high
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Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
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A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
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GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
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CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
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219 63rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE De
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Meteorological data for the winter
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monthly probability adjusted data 4
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225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
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The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
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NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data C
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and mass balances for 540 environme
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Temperature, precipitation, windspe
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the left in response to snow compac
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Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
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Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
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Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
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From linear regression the constant
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DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
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Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
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Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
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is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
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Table 4. The calculated volume flux
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Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
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Data analysis techniques We synthes
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season, but unacceptable for the dr
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significant, although more informat
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(a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
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Future Work We are installing addit
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Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
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Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
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----- -------------- ------- ------
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No one to date has shown why snowfl
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APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
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62nd ESC Papers 291
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62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
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each other; and, they both decrease
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297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
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comes in the form of precipitation.
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averaged to reduce bias in this var
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RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
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Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
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307 Table 9: Regression results bet
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Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
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TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
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