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Figure 9. Total snowfall between 13 Feb and 26 Mar 1960 by synoptic pattern. Figure 10. Cumulative percentage of total snowfall contributed by each event (from heaviest to lightest) and number of events needed to reach 90%. 62
CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in February and March 1960 across the Southern Appalachians occurred in association with highly anomalous 500 hPa circulation and 850 hPa temperatures. The persistence of a 500 hPa trough over the eastern U.S. was associated with a southeasterly displaced storm track that kept temperatures well below normal. As a result, the 1959–60 snow season still holds the annual snowfall record (265 cm) and maximum snow depth record (112 cm) for Boone, NC, and countless other locations across the region. Miller Type A cyclones, Miller Type B cyclones, and NWFS events were responsible for nearly all of the total snowfall across the region. However, NWFS made the greatest contribution to snowfall totals across the higher elevations and along northwestern slopes, where snow fell on average every other day during the period. A small number of exceptionally heavy events produced the record snowfall in the Georgia and Carolina foothills in contrast with the elevated areas to the north and west where numerous, relatively light NWFS events contributed substantially to the total snowfall. Unanswered questions include the causes of the anomalous and persistent 500 hPa circulation pattern. In particular, the role of hemispheric teleconnections versus persistent snow cover across the region in forcing this pattern needs to be explored. The influence of favorable air trajectories extending downwind from the Great Lakes in periods of NWFS also deserves further scrutiny, particularly since these have been tied to enhanced snowfall in the Southern Appalachians (Perry and Konrad 2005). Lastly, given the deep snowpack and reports of flooding during rapid melting at the end of March (Ludlum 1960b), an investigation of the hydrological significance (e.g. SWE estimations and flooding reports) of February and March 1960 is also warranted. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Peter Robinson, Tom Whitmore, Walt Martin, Tom Schmidlin, Laurence Lee, and Michael Mayfield provided valuable feedback on the design of the study. Julie Whichard from the North Carolina Department of Transportation kindly provided archived photos. Addie Mae Love, Louiva Ward, and Howell Cooke shared their many memories. REFERENCES Fishel, G.B., and S. Businger. 1993. Heavy orographic snowfall in the southern Appalachians: a late season case study. Postprints, Third National Heavy Precipitation Workshop: 275 – 284. Pittsburgh, PA: NWS/NOAA. Hardie, A. V. 1960. Special Weather Summary, in Climatological Data, North Carolina: March 1960. Asheville, NC: National Climatic Data Center. Kalnay, E., M. Kanamitsu, R. Kistler, W. Collins, and 18 others. 1996. The NCEP / NCAR 40year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 77: 437–471. Keeter, K.K., S. Businger, L.G. Lee, J.S. Waldstreicher. 1995. Winter weather forecasting through the eastern United States. Part III: The effects of topography and the variability of winter weather in the Carolinas and Virginia. Weather and Forecasting 10: 42–60. Knappenberger, P.C., and P.J. Michaels. 1993. Cyclone tracks and wintertime climate in the mid- Atlantic region of the USA. International Journal of Climatology 13: 509–531. Kocin, P.J, and L.W. Uccelini. 1990. Snowstorms along the Northeastern Coast of the United States: 1955 – 1985. Meteorological Monograph No. 44, American Meteorological Society. Konrad, C.E., and D.Meaux. 2003. Synoptic Suite Software Package. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. Ludlum, D. 1960a. The great early March snowstorm of 1960. Weatherwise 13: 59–62. Ludlum, D. 1960b. The great temperature reversal: March to April. Weatherwise 13: 120–128. Miller, J.E. 1946. Cyclogenesis in the Atlantic Coastal region of the United States. Journal of Meteorology 3: 31–44. 63
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Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
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FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
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CONTENTS Foreword..................
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STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
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EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
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THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
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Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
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3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
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Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
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Figure 4. The general layout of the
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lue color represented no convection
Page 23 and 24: Total Density of Water Profiles The
Page 25 and 26: Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
Page 27 and 28: Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
Page 29 and 30: Campbell Scientific Award for Best
Page 31 and 32: 19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
Page 41 and 42: R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
Page 49 and 50: Snow and Climate 37
Page 53 and 54: Spatial distributions of changes in
Page 55 and 56: Snow and Climate Posters 43
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2 presents correlation maps
Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
Page 65 and 66: Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
Page 67 and 68: ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONF
Page 69 and 70: This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
Page 71 and 72: Cyclones that track west of the App
Page 73: The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
Page 79 and 80: correlations between April-May snow
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
Page 83 and 84: winter/early spring could contribut
Page 85 and 86: Snow Remote Sensing 73
Page 89 and 90: height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
Page 91 and 92: strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
Page 93 and 94: Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
Page 95 and 96: estimated snow depth based on the 2
Page 97 and 98: important to note that the average
Page 99 and 100: Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
Page 103 and 104: METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
Page 105 and 106: Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
Page 107 and 108: snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
Page 111 and 112: Evaluation of the global distributi
Page 113 and 114: Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
Page 115 and 116: Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
Page 117 and 118: 105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
Page 119 and 120: and validated regionally so they ca
Page 121 and 122: 109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
Page 123 and 124: Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
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Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
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Considering the facts mentioned abo
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Besides the temporal validation, th
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RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
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63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
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over the period 1988-2000. With the
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Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
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correspondence between simulated an
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values. Continued development of ne
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National Climatic Data Center (2005
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Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
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ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
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day and has a mean pixel resolution
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Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
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The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
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coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
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Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
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For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
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threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
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ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
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DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
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157 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
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180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
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independent of regions. This greatl
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slightly vary the IMS with this pro
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imagery, the higher latitudes rely
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MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
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FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
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information never present before on
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Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
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The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
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Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
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Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-
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Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
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Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass
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Snowpack Processes 193
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63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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In the following paragraph the main
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Figure 1: Variation of the season a
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Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
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The third pair (Figure 5) represent
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Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
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melting occurs, whereas at the high
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Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
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A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
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GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
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CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
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219 63rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE De
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Meteorological data for the winter
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monthly probability adjusted data 4
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225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
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The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
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NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data C
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and mass balances for 540 environme
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Temperature, precipitation, windspe
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the left in response to snow compac
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Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
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Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
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Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
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From linear regression the constant
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DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
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Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
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Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
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is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
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Table 4. The calculated volume flux
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Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
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Data analysis techniques We synthes
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season, but unacceptable for the dr
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significant, although more informat
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(a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
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Future Work We are installing addit
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Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
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Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
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No one to date has shown why snowfl
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APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
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62nd ESC Papers 291
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62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
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each other; and, they both decrease
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297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
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comes in the form of precipitation.
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averaged to reduce bias in this var
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RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
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Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
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307 Table 9: Regression results bet
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Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
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TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
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