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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by the Institute for Water and Watersheds at Oregon State University, through the USGS water resources research institute program, and by the Eugene Water and Electric Board. This material is based on work supported under a National Science Foundation Fellowship. REFERENCES Leung LR, Qian Y, Bian X, Washington W, Han J, Roads JO. 2004. Mid-century ensemble regional climate change scenarios for the western United States. Climatic Change 62: 75–113. Mote PW. 2003. Trends in snow water equivalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes. Geophysical Research Letters 30: 1601, doi:10.1029/2003GL017258. Sherrod DR, Smith JG. 2000. Geologic Map of Upper Eocene to Holocene Volcanic and Related Rocks of the Cascade Range, Oregon. U.S. Geological Survey: Washington; Stewart IT, Cayan DR, Dettinger MD. 2005. Changes toward earlier streamflow timing across western North America. Journal of Climate 18: 1136–1155. Tague CL, Band LE. 2004. RHESSys: Regional Hydro-Ecologic Simulation System—An objectoriented approach to spatially distributed modeling of carbon, water, and nutrient cycling. Earth Interactions 8: Paper No. 19, p. 1–42. Tague C, Grant GE. 2004. A geological framework for interpreting the low flow regimes of Cascade streams, Willamette River Basin, Oregon. Water Resources Research 40: W04303 10.1029/2003WR002629. Trenberth KE, Stepaniak DP. 2001. Indices of El Niño evolution. Journal of Climate 14: 1697– 1701. 54
ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newark, Delaware USA 2006 Synoptic Patterns Associated with the Record Snowfall of 1960 in the Southern Appalachians L. BAKER PERRY 1 AND CHARLES E. KONRAD II 2 Record snowfall totals of up to 211 cm blanketed the Southern Appalachians between mid- February and late-March 1960. Snow was reported on average every other day in the higher elevations, and mean temperatures for the period were nearly 6 C below normal. Snow piled up to great depths, with Boone, NC, reporting a maximum depth of 112 cm. Snow drifts buried roads and made travel impossible, requiring food, fuel, and hay to be airlifted into the region. This paper analyzes the synoptic patterns associated with the record snowfall of February and March 1960. Snowfall events are identified using a combination of first order hourly observations and cooperative observer daily snowfall totals. The spatial patterns of snowfall are mapped using a GIS, while mean values for various synoptic fields (e.g. 850 hPa temperature, 500 hPa height) are calculated and compared to 50-year climatological means. Snowfall events during this period are then classified according to the pattern of cyclogenesis and prevailing flow direction. Keywords: Synoptic patterns, snowfall, 1960, Southern Appalachians INTRODUCTION February and March 1960 continue to be remembered as the snowiest period on record in the Southern Appalachians. Snow was nearly a daily occurrence between 13 February and 26 March at higher elevations, with Boone, NC, reporting 211 cm and many other locations in excess of 175 cm. These snowfall totals are considerably greater than the current 30-year mean annual snowfall of 102 cm for Boone and approach the mean annual values of nearly 250 cm for the 2,000 m peaks (e.g Mt. Leconte and Mt. Mitchell) of the Southern Appalachians. Mean temperatures for the period were nearly 6 ºC below normal (Hardie 1960). The combination of frequent snowfall and low temperatures allowed the snow to pile up to great depths, with Boone, NC, reporting a maximum depth of 112 cm on 13–14 March (NCDC 2002). Considerable blowing and drifting of snow compounded problems, closing roads and requiring emergency distribution of food, fuel, and hay (Figs. 1 & 2). Although the impacts were greatest in the Southern Appalachians, the entire Eastern U.S. was adversely affected. March alone broke more records for cold and snow across the Eastern U.S. than any other March on record until then (Ludlum 1960a, Ludlum 1960b). It remains the coldest March on record for many locations in the Southern Appalachians (NCDC 2002. 1 Department of Geography and Planning, Box 32066, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608 (perrylb@appstate.edu) 2 Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
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FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
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CONTENTS Foreword..................
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STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
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EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
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THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
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Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
Page 15 and 16: 3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
Page 19 and 20: Figure 4. The general layout of the
Page 21 and 22: lue color represented no convection
Page 23 and 24: Total Density of Water Profiles The
Page 25 and 26: Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
Page 27 and 28: Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
Page 29 and 30: Campbell Scientific Award for Best
Page 31 and 32: 19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
Page 41 and 42: R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
Page 49 and 50: Snow and Climate 37
Page 53 and 54: Spatial distributions of changes in
Page 55 and 56: Snow and Climate Posters 43
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2 presents correlation maps
Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
Page 65: Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
Page 69 and 70: This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
Page 71 and 72: Cyclones that track west of the App
Page 73 and 74: The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
Page 75 and 76: CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in
Page 79 and 80: correlations between April-May snow
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
Page 83 and 84: winter/early spring could contribut
Page 85 and 86: Snow Remote Sensing 73
Page 89 and 90: height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
Page 91 and 92: strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
Page 93 and 94: Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
Page 95 and 96: estimated snow depth based on the 2
Page 97 and 98: important to note that the average
Page 99 and 100: Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
Page 103 and 104: METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
Page 105 and 106: Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
Page 107 and 108: snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
Page 109 and 110: Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
Page 111 and 112: Evaluation of the global distributi
Page 113 and 114: Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
Page 115 and 116: Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
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105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
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and validated regionally so they ca
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109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
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Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
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Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
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Considering the facts mentioned abo
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Besides the temporal validation, th
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RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
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63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
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over the period 1988-2000. With the
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Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
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correspondence between simulated an
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values. Continued development of ne
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National Climatic Data Center (2005
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Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
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ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
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day and has a mean pixel resolution
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Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
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The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
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coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
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Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
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For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
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threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
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ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
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DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
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180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
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independent of regions. This greatl
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slightly vary the IMS with this pro
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imagery, the higher latitudes rely
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MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
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FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
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information never present before on
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Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
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The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
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Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
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Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-
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Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
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Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass
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Snowpack Processes 193
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63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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In the following paragraph the main
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Figure 1: Variation of the season a
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Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
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The third pair (Figure 5) represent
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Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
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melting occurs, whereas at the high
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Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
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A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
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GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
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CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
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219 63rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE De
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Meteorological data for the winter
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monthly probability adjusted data 4
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225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
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The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
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NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data C
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and mass balances for 540 environme
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Temperature, precipitation, windspe
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the left in response to snow compac
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Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
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Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
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Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
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From linear regression the constant
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DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
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Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
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Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
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is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
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Table 4. The calculated volume flux
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Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
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Data analysis techniques We synthes
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season, but unacceptable for the dr
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significant, although more informat
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(a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
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Future Work We are installing addit
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Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
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Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
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----- -------------- ------- ------
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No one to date has shown why snowfl
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APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
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62nd ESC Papers 291
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62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
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each other; and, they both decrease
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297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
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comes in the form of precipitation.
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averaged to reduce bias in this var
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RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
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Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
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307 Table 9: Regression results bet
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Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
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TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
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