Download the entire proceedings as an Adobe PDF - Eastern Snow ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

32 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newark, Delaware USA 2006 Water balance The water balance, as a final model result, states an additional possibility for the model validation. As the model generates output for all water balance components using easy balance equations the results of the hydrological year 2004/2005 (see Table 2) can be verified. dS = (SWEend - SWEbegin ) - ICEmelt dS = (309 -152) - 277 = −120 mm Table 2. Components of the annual water balance of Goldbergkees catchment for the hydrological year of 2004/2005 WB component Values (mm) Description SWE begin 152 SWE for model initialization at begin of October 2004 P adj 2991 Adjusted precipitation over the catchment area ETA 128 Real evapotranspiration Q tot 2956 Total runoff SNOWmelt 2566 Total snowmelt ICE melt 277 Total icemelt SWEend 309 SWE left at the end of the period at end of September 2005 Equation 3 calculates the change of the main storages, where dS is the change of the storages over the entire simulation period. (definitions of symbols can be seen at Table 2) WB = Padj - Qtot WB = - ETA - dS 2991 - 2956 -128 + 120 = 27 mm Equation 4 evaluates the water balance, whereas WB is the annual water balance. The result of WB = 27 mm is explained by the difference of the base flow storage component at the simulation end minus the base flow storage value for the initialization at the beginning. Equation 5 shows the share of the components snow melt, icemelt and rainfall contributing to runoff. Q = SNOWmelt + ICEmelt + RAINdirect => RAIN = 2956 - 277 - 2566 = 113 mm RAINdirect indicates the share of the total runoff which has been induced by effective rainfall, directly routed to discharge. Liquid precipitation (RAINdirect) accounts for 3.8%, icemelt (ICE) accounts for 9.4%, and snowmelt (SNOW) accounts for 86.8%. The value for liquid precipitation seems to be underestimated, because snowmelt has a very high value. Snow melt is defined as the snow which is melted by the energy affecting the snow surface, whereas melted snow does not have to be routed directly to discharge. The simulated snow accumulation reached its maximum at 20 May 2005 at 1507 mm (Figure 8, c), compared to SWE field measurements at 6 May 2005 showing a value of about 1391 mm. The monthly water balance is presented in Figure 9. Icemelt starts in July and typically has its maximum in August. Glacier melt was also simulated for November 2004, because of quite high temperatures at that time. Using field measurements of the ice ablation stakes during the hydrological year of 2004/2005, 510 mm of ice loss are calculated over the glacierized area (unpublished data from Schöner et al., 2006). The simulated ice loss accounts for 277 mm over the (3) (4) (5)
33 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newark, Delaware USA 2006 catchment area, which would be 502 mm assigned to the glacierized area. This very good agreement between simulated and observed icemelt is due to a reliable estimation of all modelled components. Evaporation accounted for 128 mm for the entire simulated year and is mainly affected by low temperatures at this alpine site. Figure 9. Monthly simulated balance of runoff (mm), precipitation (mm), icemelt (mm), snow melt (mm), and real evaporation (mm) averaged over the catchment area over the period October 2004 to September 2005. The observed ice loss for the verification period of 2003/2004 accounted for 197 mm averaged over the glacierized area and the snow accumulation measured at the beginning of May 2004 accounted for 1744 mm (unpublished data from Schöner et al., 2006). The simulation results for the verification period accounted for 275 mm ice loss averaged over the glacier and 1690 mm of SWE calculated for the beginning of May. This means a slightly overestimation of the ice loss and a slightly underestimation of the snow accumulation . Once more we can show the quality of the stabile multi-validation approach used for the 2004/2005 period. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK The PREVAH model shows the ability to model the waterbalance as well as the discharge hydrograph of the high elevated Goldbergkees watershed. Melt processes have been simulated accurately in different temporal scales: the simulated diurnal variations of runoff matched the runoff observations during melt season and the seasonal balance is in a good agreement with the observed mass balance data. This paper has shown the need of various observed data like discharge hydrographs, distributed snow water equivalent and ice ablation data to guarantee a stabile cross-validation of simulation results (Verbunt et al. 2003). The model results concerning runoff relied on the input of precipitation and air temperature, all the other input has been necessary for the evaporation simulations. Hence, there should be a quite small operating expense for data acquisition for melt modelling, despite all the problems and uncertainties occurring during precipitation and air temperature measurements (Sevruk, 1986, 1989). The watershed of Goldbergkees has demonstrated its great advantage of having a meteorological observatory on site and long term and detailed mass balance measurements (Auer et al., 2002). The availability of spatial dense meteorological data of good quality at this isolated location is a unique feature and an advantage of the study region. Main efforts for the preparation of simulations have been due to
Page 1 and 2: Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
Page 3 and 4: FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
Page 5 and 6: CONTENTS Foreword..................
Page 7 and 8: STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
Page 9 and 10: EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
Page 11 and 12: THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
Page 13 and 14: Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
Page 15 and 16: 3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
Page 19 and 20: Figure 4. The general layout of the
Page 21 and 22: lue color represented no convection
Page 23 and 24: Total Density of Water Profiles The
Page 25 and 26: Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
Page 27 and 28: Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
Page 29 and 30: Campbell Scientific Award for Best
Page 31 and 32: 19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
Page 41 and 42: R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
Page 43: 31 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
Page 49 and 50: Snow and Climate 37
Page 53 and 54: Spatial distributions of changes in
Page 55 and 56: Snow and Climate Posters 43
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2 presents correlation maps
Page 61 and 62: CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
Page 65 and 66: Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
Page 67 and 68: ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONF
Page 69 and 70: This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
Page 71 and 72: Cyclones that track west of the App
Page 73 and 74: The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
Page 75 and 76: CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in
Page 79 and 80: correlations between April-May snow
Page 81 and 82: Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
Page 83 and 84: winter/early spring could contribut
Page 85 and 86: Snow Remote Sensing 73
Page 89 and 90: height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
Page 91 and 92: strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
Page 93 and 94: Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
Page 95 and 96:
estimated snow depth based on the 2
Page 97 and 98:
important to note that the average
Page 99 and 100:
Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
Page 101 and 102:
89 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
Page 103 and 104:
METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
Page 105 and 106:
Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
Page 107 and 108:
snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
Page 111 and 112:
Evaluation of the global distributi
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
Page 115 and 116:
Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
Page 117 and 118:
105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
Page 119 and 120:
and validated regionally so they ca
Page 121 and 122:
109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
Page 123 and 124:
Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
Page 125 and 126:
Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
Page 127 and 128:
Considering the facts mentioned abo
Page 129 and 130:
Besides the temporal validation, th
Page 131 and 132:
RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
Page 133 and 134:
63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
Page 135 and 136:
http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
Page 137 and 138:
over the period 1988-2000. With the
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
Page 141 and 142:
correspondence between simulated an
Page 143 and 144:
values. Continued development of ne
Page 145 and 146:
National Climatic Data Center (2005
Page 147 and 148:
Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
Page 149 and 150:
ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
Page 151 and 152:
day and has a mean pixel resolution
Page 153 and 154:
Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
Page 155 and 156:
The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
Page 157 and 158:
coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
Page 161 and 162:
For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
Page 163 and 164:
threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
Page 165 and 166:
ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
Page 167 and 168:
DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
independent of regions. This greatl
Page 181 and 182:
slightly vary the IMS with this pro
Page 183 and 184:
imagery, the higher latitudes rely
Page 185 and 186:
MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
Page 187 and 188:
FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
Page 189 and 190:
information never present before on
Page 191 and 192:
Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
Page 197 and 198:
Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
Page 199 and 200:
Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-
Page 201 and 202:
Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
Page 203 and 204:
Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass
Page 205 and 206:
Snowpack Processes 193
Page 207 and 208:
63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
Page 209 and 210:
In the following paragraph the main
Page 211 and 212:
Figure 1: Variation of the season a
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
Page 215 and 216:
The third pair (Figure 5) represent
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
Page 219 and 220:
melting occurs, whereas at the high
Page 221 and 222:
Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
Page 227 and 228:
GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
Page 229 and 230:
CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
Page 231 and 232:
219 63rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE De
Page 233 and 234:
Meteorological data for the winter
Page 235 and 236:
monthly probability adjusted data 4
Page 237 and 238:
225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
Page 239 and 240:
The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
Page 241 and 242:
NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data C
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
and mass balances for 540 environme
Page 247 and 248:
Temperature, precipitation, windspe
Page 249 and 250:
the left in response to snow compac
Page 251 and 252:
Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
Page 253 and 254:
Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
Page 255 and 256:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
Page 257 and 258:
Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
From linear regression the constant
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
Page 267 and 268:
Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
Page 269 and 270:
Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
Page 271 and 272:
is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
Page 273 and 274:
Table 4. The calculated volume flux
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
Page 279 and 280:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
Page 281 and 282:
Data analysis techniques We synthes
Page 283 and 284:
season, but unacceptable for the dr
Page 285 and 286:
significant, although more informat
Page 287 and 288:
(a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
Page 289 and 290:
Future Work We are installing addit
Page 291 and 292:
Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
Page 293 and 294:
Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
----- -------------- ------- ------
Page 299 and 300:
No one to date has shown why snowfl
Page 301 and 302:
APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
Page 303 and 304:
62nd ESC Papers 291
Page 305 and 306:
62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
Page 307 and 308:
each other; and, they both decrease
Page 309 and 310:
297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
Page 311 and 312:
comes in the form of precipitation.
Page 313 and 314:
averaged to reduce bias in this var
Page 315 and 316:
RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
Page 317 and 318:
Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
Page 319 and 320:
307 Table 9: Regression results bet
Page 321 and 322:
Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
Page 323:
TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
show all

Download the entire proceedings as an Adobe PDF - Eastern Snow ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?