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CONCLUSIONS Precipitation gauge undercatch of snowfall should be estimated using daily data, unless new relationships between undercatch, wind speed, etc., are developed at different temporal resolutions. The inaccuracies of using monthly averaged data are evident from adjusting the average data for the monthly probability of each precipitation type and considering wind speeds during each type. However, these data must be derived from daily data. For snowpack losses (sublimation and blowing snow), it is reasonable to use daily data in lieu of hourly data when computing monthly or seasonal values. Average monthly data yielded no blowing snow, expect for one month at Rawlins WY. No sublimation was estimated 25% of the time using monthly data. For Leadville CO and Rhinelander WI, monthly sublimation plus blowing snow was computed to be very similar using each of the time steps, for most months. The net accumulation difference, i.e., sublimation plus blowing snow minus undercatch, computed from the time step of data for which the equations were formulated (hourly for sublimation and blowing snow, daily for undercatch) can be estimated from monthly time step data at Leadville CO and for several months at Rhinelander WI. Seasonally, monthly time step data overestimate for 2 of 3 seasons at Rhinelander WI. Underestimates occur at Rawlins WY, for 1 season at Pullman WA, and 2 of 3 seasons at Syracuse NY. Neither monthly nor seasonal gauged precipitation can be used to estimate discrepancies in computations from different time steps, as no systematic trend is obvious. More stations and years are required, especially focusing on specific climates. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The insight and thoughtful comments of two anonymous reviewers and Special Editor Dr. Andrew Klein improved this paper and are appreciated. REFERENCES Bogart TA, Legates DR, Yang D. 2006. Sensitivity and spatial variability of Arctic precipitation bias adjustments. Oral presentation at the 63 rd Annual Eastern Snow Conference, Newark, Delaware, June 7–9, 2006. Fassnacht SR, Soulis ED, Kouwen N. 1999. Shape characteristics of freshly fallen snowflakes and their short-term changes. Interactions between the Cryosphere, Climate and Greenhouse Gases (Proceedings IUGG 99 Symposium HS2, Birmingham, July 1999), IAHS, 256: 111–122. Fassnacht SR. 2004. Estimating Alter-shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous United States. Hydrological Processes, 18(18): 3481–3492 [doi:10.1002/hyp.5806]. Geonor. 2006. Geonor Meteorological Equipment. Geonor Industries, Millbank PA, URL: , last accessed: June 20, 2006. Goodison BE, Louie PYT, Yang D. 1998. WMO Solid Precipitation Measurement Intercomparison Final Report. WMO Instruments and Observing Methods Report No. 67, WMO/TD No. 872. Groisman PY, Peck EL, Quayle RG. 1999. Intercomparison of recording and standard nonrecording U.S. gauges. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 16: 602–609. Hood E, Williams M, Cline D. 1999. Sublimation from a seasonal snowpack at a continental, midlatitude alpine site. Hydrological Processes 13: 1781–1797. Legates DR, Yang D, Quiring S, Freeman K, Bogart T. 2005. Bias adjustment to arctic precipitation: a comparison of daily versus monthly bias adjustments. 8th Conference on Polar Meteorology and Oceanography, San Diego, CA, American Meteorological Society, 6 pages. Li L, Pomeroy JW. 1997. Estimates of threshold wind speeds for snow transport using meteorological data. Journal of Applied Meteorology 36: 205–213. 228
NCDC. 2006. National Climate Data Center. National Climate Data Center, Ashville NC, , page last updated June 19, 2006. Pomeroy JW, Gray DM, Landine PG. 1991. Modelling the transport and sublimation of blowing snow on the prairies. In Proceedings of the 48 th Eastern Snow Conference, Guelph, Ontario, p 175–188. Sverdrup HU. 1936. The eddy conductivity of the air over a smooth snow field. Geofysiske Publikasjoner 11(7): 69pp. Yang D, Goodison BE, Ishida S. 1998a. Adjustment of daily precipitation data at 10 climate stations in Alaska: Application of World Meteorological Organization intercomparison results. Water Resources Research 34(2): 241–256. Yang D, Goodison BE, Metcalfe JR. 1998b. Accuracy of NWS 8" Standard Nonrecording Precipitation Gauge: Results and Application of WMO Intercomparison. Journal of Atmospheric & Oceanic Technology 15: 54–68. 229
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Proceedings of the 63rd ANNUAL EAST
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FOREWORD T his proceedings volume c
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CONTENTS Foreword..................
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STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Eastern Sn
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EXECUTIVES FOR THE 63rd EASTERN SNO
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THE PRESIDENT’S PAGE The 63rd ann
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Weisnet Medal for Best Student Pape
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3 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE New
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Figure 1. Layer 1 represents the so
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Figure 4. The general layout of the
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lue color represented no convection
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Total Density of Water Profiles The
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Figure 11(a). Simulated snow grain
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Jordan R, 1991. A one-dimensional t
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Campbell Scientific Award for Best
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19 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Ne
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R ∑i ∑ n 2 = 1 NS = − n i = 1
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Snow and Climate 37
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Spatial distributions of changes in
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Snow and Climate Posters 43
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Figure 2 presents correlation maps
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CONCLUSIONS Three regional-continen
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Discharge (mm) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8
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ABSTRACT 55 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONF
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This paper analyzes the synoptic pa
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Cyclones that track west of the App
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The synoptic-scale atmospheric circ
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CONCLUSIONS The record snowfall in
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correlations between April-May snow
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Figure 3. Linear correlations betwe
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winter/early spring could contribut
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Snow Remote Sensing 73
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height averaged 11.4 m with an aver
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strings were buried 20 - 30 cm belo
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Although the λE/Rn fraction was on
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estimated snow depth based on the 2
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important to note that the average
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Schmidt, R. A., C. A. Troendle, and
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METHODS The IMS Product The IMS was
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Figure 1. Microwave spectral charac
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snow depth and SWE on a weekly basi
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Figure 4. Example of blended SWE pr
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Evaluation of the global distributi
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Figure 9. Inter-comparison plots of
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Helfrich, S.R., D. McNamara, B.H.Ra
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105 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE N
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and validated regionally so they ca
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109 Test Site Figure 2. Variation o
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Correlation Coe. Correlation Coe. C
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Figure 8. SSM/I scattering signatur
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Considering the facts mentioned abo
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Besides the temporal validation, th
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RMSE Non linear Azar Chang Goodison
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63 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
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http://www.ccin.ca); from simulatio
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over the period 1988-2000. With the
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Figure 3: Explained variance (R 2 )
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correspondence between simulated an
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values. Continued development of ne
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National Climatic Data Center (2005
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Snow Remote Sensing Posters 135
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ABSTRACT 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERE
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day and has a mean pixel resolution
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Table 1. Wheaton River basin EASE-G
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The SSM/I snowmelt onset algorithm
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coarse-resolution pixel with the hi
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Figure 5. (a) Scatterplot of snowpa
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For both 2004 and 2005, the AMSR-E
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threshold of ±18 K that reflects t
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ABSTRACT 153 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
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DATA USED SSM/I & QuikSCAT Coverage
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180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1
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independent of regions. This greatl
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slightly vary the IMS with this pro
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imagery, the higher latitudes rely
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MODIS Land Science Team, NASA Godda
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FUTURE OF IMS Enhancements to the I
Page 189 and 190: information never present before on
Page 191 and 192: Brubaker, K.L., R. Pinker and E. De
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Page 195 and 196: The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region
Page 197 and 198: Colombia Venezuela Glacier Series R
Page 199 and 200: Table 4. Glacier Areas of the Ruiz-
Page 201 and 202: Pico Bonpland Massif-Sinigüis Glac
Page 203 and 204: Linder W, Jordan E, 1991. Ice-mass
Page 205 and 206: Snowpack Processes 193
Page 207 and 208: 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Newar
Page 209 and 210: In the following paragraph the main
Page 211 and 212: Figure 1: Variation of the season a
Page 213 and 214: Figure 3: 8-day composite maps (24
Page 215 and 216: The third pair (Figure 5) represent
Page 217 and 218: Figure 9: Time evolution of SWE ave
Page 219 and 220: melting occurs, whereas at the high
Page 221 and 222: Colbeck SC, Anderson EA. 1982. The
Page 223 and 224: ABSTRACT 211 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
Page 225 and 226: A B Figure 1. Low-magnification sec
Page 227 and 228: GB ridge GB groove Figure 3. Higher
Page 229 and 230: CONCLUSION Figure 5. Indexed electr
Page 231 and 232: 219 63rd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE De
Page 233 and 234: Meteorological data for the winter
Page 235 and 236: monthly probability adjusted data 4
Page 237 and 238: 225 Pullman WA Rawlins WY Leadville
Page 239: The daily wind speed can exceed 6.5
Page 243 and 244: ABSTRACT 231 63 rd EASTERN SNOW CON
Page 245 and 246: and mass balances for 540 environme
Page 247 and 248: Temperature, precipitation, windspe
Page 249 and 250: the left in response to snow compac
Page 251 and 252: Pinched-cone dimensions for each sl
Page 253 and 254: Terrain slope (degrees) Terrain slo
Page 255 and 256: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was fund
Page 257 and 258: Glacial and Periglacial Processes 2
Page 261 and 262: From linear regression the constant
Page 265 and 266: DATA COLLECTION Figure 1. Location
Page 267 and 268: Table 1. Comparison of GPS measured
Page 269 and 270: Transverse Velocity Profiles Surfac
Page 271 and 272: is shown in Figure 4. This variatio
Page 273 and 274: Table 4. The calculated volume flux
Page 277 and 278: Figure 1. Cordillera Blanca regiona
Page 279 and 280: MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Measure
Page 281 and 282: Data analysis techniques We synthes
Page 283 and 284: season, but unacceptable for the dr
Page 285 and 286: significant, although more informat
Page 287 and 288: (a) Liquid Water (mm) Dry Period: M
Page 289 and 290: Future Work We are installing addit
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Shuttleworth, W.J., and J.S. Wallac
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Snow and Periglacial Processes Post
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No one to date has shown why snowfl
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APPENDIX A Northern Hemisphere Year
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62nd ESC Papers 291
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62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE Water
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each other; and, they both decrease
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297 62 nd EASTERN SNOW CONFERENCE W
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comes in the form of precipitation.
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averaged to reduce bias in this var
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RESULTS Figure 2. Flow chart of reg
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Table 6: Actual-Conditions SWE, dep
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307 Table 9: Regression results bet
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Goita, K., A. Walker, B. Goodison,
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TO ERR IS HUMAN, TO FORGET IT WOULD
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