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2007 NSS Convention Guidebook The most well-known type of reef is a barrier reef. Barrier reefs can be enormous. They form parallel to coast lines. Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is more than 2,000 miles long. Other types include atolls, apron reefs, and patch reefs. Atolls fringe submerged volcanoes. Apron reefs form on shallow undersea slopes, away from land masses. A patch reef (or bioherm) forms mounds of isolated coral colonies. The coral bed at the Falls is a patch reef. It stretched some 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) in length, was probably hundreds of miles wide and can be found in similar rocks in Columbus, Ohio; near Buffalo, New York; and in southern Ontario. Coral reefs are found only between 27 degrees north and south of the equator (roughly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn). Coral does not grow well in cool water and therefore does not form reefs outside of the tropics Within the Interpretive Center exhibit gallery, a marine diorama reconstructs, in detail, undersea life that existed here 425, 387, and 380 million years ago, respectively. From left to right, the diorama covers the Middle Silurian (Louisville Limestone), lower Middle Devonian (coral zone of the Jeffersonville Limestone) and upper Middle Devonian (North Vernon Limestone). Corals dominate the Louisville and Jeffersonville Limestone scenes, but are less important in the North Vernon Limestone where brachiopods and crinoids are more numerous. The Silurian rocks are characterized by over 150 fossil species. The Devonian (both Jeffersonville and North Vernon Limestone) contain over 300 species. The diorama recreates nearly 200 species of fossils. This is a small representation of the living ecosystem, where only a minute number of organisms were actually preserved. It is estimated only one percent of the species of plants and animals are preserved as fossils. The Silurian-aged rocks of the Louisville Formation at the Falls are dominated by the chain coral called Halysites within an interval called the “Corallaine Zone” so named because of its abundance of fossil corals—so many, in 136 fact, that visitors find it difficult to walk on this layer without stepping on fossils exposed in the bedrock. Scientists, geologists, paleontologists, and curious scientists have flocked to the Falls Coral Zone since the 1790s. Upright solitary corals, branching corals, stromotoporoids, brachiopods, a colonial coral called pipe organ coral, another called honeycomb coral, and hexagonaria (known as “Petosky Stone” in Michigan) are common. The largest of the horn corals (Siphonophrentis elongata) approaches 4 feet in length. Some of the “coral heads” of the colonial corals measure 6 to 8 feet in diameter. Individuals forming the colony are linked together like a chain, hence its nickname. Other colonial corals, horn corals and sponges (the biggest are called stromatoporoids) make up this coral/stromatoporoid bioherm (patch reef ). A variety of other animals are found in the Silurian rocks. Tall stalked “flower-like” echinoderms are called cystoids. They are similar to crinoids in the Devonian, but have fewer arms. Unlike corals, the arms are not soft, consisting of skeletal plates. Fish are not preserved in local rocks, but no doubt swam in the ancient tropical seas. (Animals that swim are more rarely preserved as fossils compared to animals that were fixed or crawled on the sea floor.) Fish developed nearly 120 million years earlier, but did not reach abundance until the Devonian period. The overlying Devonian-aged Jeffersonville Limestone is dominated by corals in a true patch reef with large individual corals being scattered across the sea floor along with smaller colonial or solitary corals and other organisms. Preserved fish are almost unheard of in the Jeffersonville Limestone, but do exist. Reef environments are dynamic, soft body parts are almost always devoured by scavengers and bacteria. Quick burial and a quiet environment are essential to preserve delicate organisms like fish. The Jeffersonville sea was most likely shallow, from less than 3 feet (1 meter) to perhaps 30 feet (10 meters) deep. Scattered islands dotted the region. The evidence of these islands is very small (literally) being the freshwater charophyte algae eggs found in rock
Geology Field Trip Figure 36. Geologic map and cross section of the various fossil beds of the Falls of the Ohio ( from Powell, 1965). 137
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Back Underground in Indiana A Guide
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Contents Welcome from the NSS Presi
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Welcome from the NSS President Welc
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Welcome from the Governor of Indian
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Color Photography Section We are mu
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Section I: The Harrison Crawford Ar
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The Convention Planning staff is pl
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The Harrison County Visitors’ Cen
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per day, which includes the right t
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A Short History of Early Crawford C
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Section II: Exploration 1
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Deep below the hills of Crawford Co
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Gypsum flowers and crusts. Beyond S
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top of Fools Dome began to take onl
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The Discovery and Exploration of th
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previous surface survey of the gulf
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The Survey Begins On Saturday, Janu
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through January as well as every we
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and another team went into the seco
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were surprised to learn that a tigh
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Other Exploration in the Lost River
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flood tube really played on our min
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efore splitting and ending in break
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Two Bit Pit Harrison County, Indian
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Two Bit Pit c l i m b - d o w n i s
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Two Bit Pit 4
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downstream passage is generally 6 t
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Trip #16 August 12, 1990 Greg McNam
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ing into established survey at the
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An Exploratory Trip to Gory Hole: J
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the right side. It was necessary to
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The Exploration of Harrison Spring
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guide line was no longer in the ent
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first that day and had already gone
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along his dive buddy, Ralph, for hi
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visibility out was normal, about 3
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Section III: Geology and Cave Scien
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Regional and Karst Geology of the O
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plains, swallowholes, storm water r
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Regional Physiography and Stratigra
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closely this apparent relationship
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Regional Physiography and Stratigra
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Figure 6. Geologic map of south-cen
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Page 91 and 92: cavern development. Somewhat more t
Page 93 and 94: Geomorphic History of the Mitchell
Page 95 and 96: idge summits in the Crawford Upland
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Page 99 and 100: Stratigraphy and Lithology of the O
Page 101 and 102: upward sequence. [This model shows
Page 103 and 104: County (Gray, Jenkins, and Weidman,
Page 105 and 106: He then casually and without explan
Page 107 and 108: outcrop is an overlooked and deserv
Page 109 and 110: Geology Field Trip Figure 13. Stop
Page 111 and 112: This five-stage model may have impl
Page 113 and 114: Figure 16. The Tower Quarry highwal
Page 115 and 116: River. Note that the valley is fill
Page 117 and 118: Smith and Tim Grisson of Ohio Caver
Page 119 and 120: of the Mitchell Plain were dissolve
Page 121 and 122: Geology Field Trip Figure 21. Trave
Page 123 and 124: Geology Field Trip Figure 22. Harri
Page 125 and 126: The Battle of Corydon, Indiana’s
Page 127 and 128: of rocks above the Ste. Genevieve i
Page 129 and 130: New Albany Shale Gas Wells: A natur
Page 131 and 132: Geology Field Trip Figure 29. Inter
Page 133 and 134: Preglacial Regional Drainage and Gl
Page 135 and 136: Stop 5: The Falls of the Ohio vicin
Page 137 and 138: Figure 35. Historic map of the Fall
Page 139: After experiencing a boat trip down
Page 143 and 144: that time. Locally, they are rarely
Page 145 and 146: Geology Field Trip Figure 38. U.S.
Page 147 and 148: depth of 12 feet. This became known
Page 149 and 150: Lost River Field Trip Figure 40. Ma
Page 151 and 152: Lost River Field Trip Figure 42 Phy
Page 153 and 154: Lost River Field Trip Figure 44. Co
Page 155 and 156: to Lick Creek to the southeast as p
Page 157 and 158: Lost River Field Trip Figure 46. To
Page 159 and 160: Figure 48A though D. Clyde Malott
Page 161 and 162: State Road 37 Corridor to Wesley Ch
Page 163 and 164: then proceed down hill to the north
Page 165 and 166: and is located 0.5 miles north. The
Page 167 and 168: Figure 54. A view of the rise pool
Page 169 and 170: Lost River Field Trip Figure 56. Ge
Page 171 and 172: Travel from Wesley Chapel Gulf to O
Page 173 and 174: miles (Bassett, 1976 and 2000) to t
Page 175 and 176: Crawford Upland morphology, and the
Page 177 and 178: historians and eyewitness accounts.
Page 179 and 180: Ash, Donald W., 1985: Geomorphology
Page 181 and 182: pany the geological map of the stat
Page 183 and 184: Mammoth Cave Region, Kentucky, and
Page 185 and 186: Little brown bat. The endangered In
Page 187 and 188: under flat stones or sticks. Its we
Page 189 and 190: Lewis, Julian J.; R. Burns; and S.L
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cave passages ranging in altitude f
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The Geology of Wyandotte Cave Monum
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The Geology of Wyandotte Cave Hall
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Cave fine-grained sediments were pr
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Projected Passage Profiles for the
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The History and Status of Karst Ver
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Karst Vertebrate Paleobiology in In
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Karst Vertebrate Paleobiology in In
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Leidy’s peccary (Platygonus vetus
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Figure 8. Skull of the dire wolf, C
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Figure 11. The Bat Room of Megenity
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Mammalian Faunas during the Last De
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cene Paleoecology and Archaeology o
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Harrison was by far the largest spr
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drainage is north to Blue River. Th
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It may also be noted that Harrison
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Section IV: Indiana’s Cave Organi
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The Indiana Karst Conservancy, Inc.
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esource in cave and karst conservat
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Indiana Karst Conservancy daylight
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Indiana Karst Conservancy Heading f
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property. Meanwhile, Randy Jackson
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Number of Caves 1,000 Feet or Longe
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27. Warren 74 28. Miami 63 29. Foun
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Section V: History 235
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Lewis D. Lamon: Indiana’s Grand O
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will find a way in. Lewie’s softs
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George Jackson getting a drink at C
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Falls at the age of six, it was par
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weekends. Sometimes I would bring a
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Caves, Cave Rescue, and the Nationa
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lost or overdues or minor injuries:
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modular NCRC trainings have occurre
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A History of Indiana Caving We do k
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22 miles long. The addition of the
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Pace, Fort, Reeves, Sollman, Powell
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He formed a short-lived partnership
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manufactured history of Wyandotte C
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Section VI: Conservation 263
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The Richard Blenz Nature Conservanc
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The Richard Blenz Nature Conservanc
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pipe. Several dig trips subsequentl
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Lasiurus cinereus (horary bat), fem
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Myotis septentrionalis (northern my
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Cavers have already contributed lar
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ugs. • Pick up litter (use good j
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Section VII: Miscellaneous 27
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Bluespring Caverns “Myst’ry Riv
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Marengo Cave, located on the edge o
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of the cave, the scout program was
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avid spelunkers and loved the cave.
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Indiana Show Caves hire Richard L.
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Section VIII: Cave Descriptions 2 1
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Cave Maps and Descriptions The foll
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een made but a voice connection sho
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intersection. The left-hand passage
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enters from a too-low passage but a
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This pit is located on a heavily wo
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Main Passage in Erics River Cave. P
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drive road. There is a pull off on
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in 50 feet. This cave has pits and
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crawling, and very little belly cra
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Not to be confused with Harrison Co
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The Old Town Spring Entrance to Mar
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placed about 150 feet inside the en
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decorated grotto. In the south end
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Robinson Ladder Cave is an Indiana
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dates. Also, except for the entranc
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Saltpeter Cave Crawford County Cave
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This cave is located along the base
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of Texas Creek and is about half a
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water is from B-B Hole, a nearby ri
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Harrison County Caves 1915 Cave was
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meandering, narrow canyon. This pas
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was rigged in 1979 by Tom Fritsch a
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Jamie Winner at Big Mouth Spring Ca
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drop. At the bottom of this drop is
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Dave Stahl at the top of the first
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Nick Smith has arranged access to t
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he returned to remove this ledge, s
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on the left side of the main passag
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degree angle. At the bottom of the
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Ryan Moran climbing Gary Pit. Photo
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This cave is presently the main cav
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You can get to the pit in two diffe
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Willie Hunt at the entrance to Jays
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T he entrance to King Leo Cave is a
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The 40-foot-tall canyon. Photo by E
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way, flowstone and some gypsum flak
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Manhole Cave, Corydon West 7.5-minu
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CIG Cave Capers Guidebook: 1984, 19
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the 56-foot drop known as The Cathe
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Sharon McConnell in Rocky Hollow Ho
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Seitz Pit, also known as Fuzzys Pit
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Harrison County Caves 375
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with the sandy crawlways and contai
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it opens into Tourist Avenue. The l
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and connects back to the main strea
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to a small room with moss-covered f
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The Donaldson Cave entrance in 1938
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Dave Stahl in the lower level of Bu
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Dave Everton beginning the rappel i
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the owner, is quite friendly to res
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Roberts Cave was opened in 2001 by
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Mike Kennedy at the South Y in Sull
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Lawrence County Caves Sullivan Cave
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with breakdown. One passage to the
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Wayne Cave is the property of the I
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The natural bridge at Camp Two. Pho
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Dillon Cave is located in the Hoosi
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Lost River Cave should be considere
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Janie Atz preparing to cross the li
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Tom Duselis looking at cannonballs
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Owen County Caves 413
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Washington County Caves Cave River
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and continues as such to the Flowst
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een known as the Wet Clifty Cave an
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water depth, this passage eventuall
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After entering the gate at Henderso
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head of a dry ravine. The first 300
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at the Trinkle Cavern Entrance. Alt
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Section IX: Color Photography 42
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Bill Baus in the Formation Room in
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A cannonball in the Boone-Cannonbal
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John Harris in Binkleys Cave’s He
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Aaron Atz in CHUG Hall in Teds Dig.
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Cavers in the Wayne Cave crawlway.
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Willie Hunt in Jewel Box Cave. Phot
Page 447 and 448:
Nate Newkirk in Lower Wild Turkey C
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Nate Newkirk in Redmond Cave. Photo
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A Abram, Jerry 400 Abram, Marie 400
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Cooper, James Fenimore 260 Cope, E.
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Elliot Stahl with the warning sign
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Hodges, Frank 393 Holiday World The
Page 459 and 460:
McGowan, Dave 256 McGrain, Preston
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P.B.R. Plunge 369 Packard’s groun
Page 463 and 464:
Spaulding, Greg 254, 255, 365 spide
Page 465 and 466:
Dave Stahl ascending Fuzzy Hole. Ph
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