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Three major base-level-related surfaces exist in the Mitchell Plain area adjacent to the East Fork White River (Figures 8 & 9). Base level may be defined as the lowest elevation of the water table which can still sustain base flow in surface streams. Evidence of former base levels may be derived from erosion surfaces or terraces along a surface stream (Palmer, 1987). In order to relate cave development to surface fluvial processes, the past base levels of the East Fork White River, Lost River, and Blue River must be characterized. The oldest erosion surface recognized in south-central Indiana is the so-called Lexington-Highland Rim Peneplain. This surface was highly dissected during the Cretaceous, and is presently represented by sub-accordant ridge summits at altitudes of 900 to 1,000 feet in the Crawford Upland (Palmer and Palmer, 1975). Following the development of the Lexington-Highland Rim, the area was regionally uplifted, and dissected by surface streams during the late Cretaceous. This dissection continued until the early Tertiary, and then was followed by a period of aggradation which covered the area with approximately 40 to 80 feet of alluvial and colluvial fill during the retreat of the Chester Escarpment (Ruhe and Olson, 1980). This period of aggradation was succeeded by a second static base level episode. The second base level is delimited by the Mitchell Plain. This surface is preserved as two primary features on the uplands of the sinkhole plain. The upper Mitchell Plain surface can be related to the upper boundary of early Tertiary aggradation. This surface forms broad, flat surfaces of unconsolidated material at the highest elevations of the sinkhole plain at altitudes of 760 to 810 feet (Palmer and Palmer, 1975). The Lower Mitchell Plain surface is related to the upper boundary of the erosion during early 88 Geomorphic History of the (mostly Northern and Central) Mitchell Plain. Summary of Art and Peg Palmer’s work (edited from Johnson, 1992, does not include NSS 1976) Tertiary. This surface is preserved as saddles and minor flat areas between sinkholes at altitudes of 700 to 760 feet (Palmer and Palmer, 1975). The lower Mitchell Plain can only be observed in the sinkhole plain, and is associated with flat areas of exposed limestone. This base level episode has been placed in the late Oligocene or, possibly, early Miocene period (Palmer, 1987). Although the period of formation of the Mitchell Plain surface had strong potential for cavern development, very little limestone was exposed above base level at that time (Palmer and Palmer, 1975). Erosional down cutting resumed along the East Fork White River following the formation of the Mitchell Plain surface. This entrenchment continued until late Pliocene to early Pleistocene time (Palmer and Palmer, 1975). A third period of static base level ensued, recognized by terraces at altitudes of 600 to 650 feet above sea level. Powell (1963) recognized remnants of a strath (a bedrock terrace) along the Blue River, in southern Indiana. This surface, the Blue River Strath, was related to development of upper level passages in Wyandotte Cave, Crawford County. Palmer (1987) provided evidence that a similar surface developed along the East Fork White River, at about the same time the Blue River Strath was created. Although Palmer (1987) did not give a name to this surface, for the purpose of Johnson’s study it is referred to as the East Fork Surface I. According to Palmer and Palmer (1975), this period of stable base level produced several solution caves. The upper levels of Blue Spring Cave, Lawrence County, show a definite relationship to this surface (Palmer, 1987). During the remaining portion of the Pleistocene period, much of northern Indiana was glaciated. The southern section of the East Fork White River, and the Mitchell
Geomorphic History of the Mitchell Plain Figure 8. Distribution of landform types on the Mitchell Plain with relation to major drainage patterns and regional structure (modified from Palmer and Palmer, 1975). 89
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Back Underground in Indiana A Guide
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Contents Welcome from the NSS Presi
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Welcome from the NSS President Welc
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Welcome from the Governor of Indian
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Color Photography Section We are mu
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Section I: The Harrison Crawford Ar
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The Convention Planning staff is pl
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The Harrison County Visitors’ Cen
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per day, which includes the right t
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A Short History of Early Crawford C
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Section II: Exploration 1
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Deep below the hills of Crawford Co
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Gypsum flowers and crusts. Beyond S
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top of Fools Dome began to take onl
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The Discovery and Exploration of th
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previous surface survey of the gulf
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The Survey Begins On Saturday, Janu
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through January as well as every we
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and another team went into the seco
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Page 43 and 44: Other Exploration in the Lost River
Page 45 and 46: flood tube really played on our min
Page 47 and 48: efore splitting and ending in break
Page 49 and 50: Two Bit Pit Harrison County, Indian
Page 51 and 52: Two Bit Pit c l i m b - d o w n i s
Page 53 and 54: Two Bit Pit 4
Page 55 and 56: downstream passage is generally 6 t
Page 57 and 58: Trip #16 August 12, 1990 Greg McNam
Page 59 and 60: ing into established survey at the
Page 61 and 62: An Exploratory Trip to Gory Hole: J
Page 63 and 64: the right side. It was necessary to
Page 65 and 66: The Exploration of Harrison Spring
Page 67 and 68: guide line was no longer in the ent
Page 69 and 70: first that day and had already gone
Page 71 and 72: along his dive buddy, Ralph, for hi
Page 73 and 74: visibility out was normal, about 3
Page 75 and 76: Section III: Geology and Cave Scien
Page 77 and 78: Regional and Karst Geology of the O
Page 79 and 80: plains, swallowholes, storm water r
Page 81 and 82: Regional Physiography and Stratigra
Page 83 and 84: closely this apparent relationship
Page 85 and 86: Regional Physiography and Stratigra
Page 87 and 88: Figure 6. Geologic map of south-cen
Page 89 and 90: margin of the Mitchell Plain, chara
Page 91: cavern development. Somewhat more t
Page 95 and 96: idge summits in the Crawford Upland
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Page 99 and 100: Stratigraphy and Lithology of the O
Page 101 and 102: upward sequence. [This model shows
Page 103 and 104: County (Gray, Jenkins, and Weidman,
Page 105 and 106: He then casually and without explan
Page 107 and 108: outcrop is an overlooked and deserv
Page 109 and 110: Geology Field Trip Figure 13. Stop
Page 111 and 112: This five-stage model may have impl
Page 113 and 114: Figure 16. The Tower Quarry highwal
Page 115 and 116: River. Note that the valley is fill
Page 117 and 118: Smith and Tim Grisson of Ohio Caver
Page 119 and 120: of the Mitchell Plain were dissolve
Page 121 and 122: Geology Field Trip Figure 21. Trave
Page 123 and 124: Geology Field Trip Figure 22. Harri
Page 125 and 126: The Battle of Corydon, Indiana’s
Page 127 and 128: of rocks above the Ste. Genevieve i
Page 129 and 130: New Albany Shale Gas Wells: A natur
Page 131 and 132: Geology Field Trip Figure 29. Inter
Page 133 and 134: Preglacial Regional Drainage and Gl
Page 135 and 136: Stop 5: The Falls of the Ohio vicin
Page 137 and 138: Figure 35. Historic map of the Fall
Page 139 and 140: After experiencing a boat trip down
Page 141 and 142: Geology Field Trip Figure 36. Geolo
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that time. Locally, they are rarely
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Geology Field Trip Figure 38. U.S.
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depth of 12 feet. This became known
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Lost River Field Trip Figure 40. Ma
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Lost River Field Trip Figure 42 Phy
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Lost River Field Trip Figure 44. Co
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to Lick Creek to the southeast as p
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Lost River Field Trip Figure 46. To
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Figure 48A though D. Clyde Malott
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State Road 37 Corridor to Wesley Ch
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then proceed down hill to the north
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and is located 0.5 miles north. The
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Figure 54. A view of the rise pool
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Lost River Field Trip Figure 56. Ge
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Travel from Wesley Chapel Gulf to O
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miles (Bassett, 1976 and 2000) to t
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Crawford Upland morphology, and the
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historians and eyewitness accounts.
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Ash, Donald W., 1985: Geomorphology
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pany the geological map of the stat
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Mammoth Cave Region, Kentucky, and
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Little brown bat. The endangered In
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under flat stones or sticks. Its we
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Lewis, Julian J.; R. Burns; and S.L
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cave passages ranging in altitude f
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The Geology of Wyandotte Cave Monum
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The Geology of Wyandotte Cave Hall
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Cave fine-grained sediments were pr
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Projected Passage Profiles for the
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The History and Status of Karst Ver
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Karst Vertebrate Paleobiology in In
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Karst Vertebrate Paleobiology in In
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Leidy’s peccary (Platygonus vetus
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Figure 8. Skull of the dire wolf, C
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Figure 11. The Bat Room of Megenity
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Mammalian Faunas during the Last De
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cene Paleoecology and Archaeology o
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Harrison was by far the largest spr
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drainage is north to Blue River. Th
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It may also be noted that Harrison
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Section IV: Indiana’s Cave Organi
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The Indiana Karst Conservancy, Inc.
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esource in cave and karst conservat
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Indiana Karst Conservancy daylight
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Indiana Karst Conservancy Heading f
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property. Meanwhile, Randy Jackson
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Number of Caves 1,000 Feet or Longe
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27. Warren 74 28. Miami 63 29. Foun
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Section V: History 235
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Lewis D. Lamon: Indiana’s Grand O
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will find a way in. Lewie’s softs
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George Jackson getting a drink at C
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Falls at the age of six, it was par
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weekends. Sometimes I would bring a
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Caves, Cave Rescue, and the Nationa
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lost or overdues or minor injuries:
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modular NCRC trainings have occurre
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A History of Indiana Caving We do k
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22 miles long. The addition of the
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Pace, Fort, Reeves, Sollman, Powell
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He formed a short-lived partnership
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manufactured history of Wyandotte C
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Section VI: Conservation 263
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The Richard Blenz Nature Conservanc
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The Richard Blenz Nature Conservanc
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pipe. Several dig trips subsequentl
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Lasiurus cinereus (horary bat), fem
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Myotis septentrionalis (northern my
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Cavers have already contributed lar
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ugs. • Pick up litter (use good j
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Section VII: Miscellaneous 27
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Bluespring Caverns “Myst’ry Riv
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Marengo Cave, located on the edge o
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of the cave, the scout program was
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avid spelunkers and loved the cave.
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Indiana Show Caves hire Richard L.
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Section VIII: Cave Descriptions 2 1
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Cave Maps and Descriptions The foll
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een made but a voice connection sho
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intersection. The left-hand passage
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enters from a too-low passage but a
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This pit is located on a heavily wo
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Main Passage in Erics River Cave. P
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drive road. There is a pull off on
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in 50 feet. This cave has pits and
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crawling, and very little belly cra
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Not to be confused with Harrison Co
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The Old Town Spring Entrance to Mar
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placed about 150 feet inside the en
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decorated grotto. In the south end
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Robinson Ladder Cave is an Indiana
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dates. Also, except for the entranc
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Saltpeter Cave Crawford County Cave
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This cave is located along the base
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of Texas Creek and is about half a
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water is from B-B Hole, a nearby ri
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Harrison County Caves 1915 Cave was
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meandering, narrow canyon. This pas
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was rigged in 1979 by Tom Fritsch a
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Jamie Winner at Big Mouth Spring Ca
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drop. At the bottom of this drop is
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Dave Stahl at the top of the first
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Nick Smith has arranged access to t
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he returned to remove this ledge, s
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on the left side of the main passag
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degree angle. At the bottom of the
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Ryan Moran climbing Gary Pit. Photo
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This cave is presently the main cav
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You can get to the pit in two diffe
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Willie Hunt at the entrance to Jays
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T he entrance to King Leo Cave is a
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The 40-foot-tall canyon. Photo by E
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way, flowstone and some gypsum flak
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Manhole Cave, Corydon West 7.5-minu
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CIG Cave Capers Guidebook: 1984, 19
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the 56-foot drop known as The Cathe
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Sharon McConnell in Rocky Hollow Ho
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Seitz Pit, also known as Fuzzys Pit
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Harrison County Caves 375
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with the sandy crawlways and contai
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it opens into Tourist Avenue. The l
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and connects back to the main strea
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to a small room with moss-covered f
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The Donaldson Cave entrance in 1938
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Dave Stahl in the lower level of Bu
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Dave Everton beginning the rappel i
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the owner, is quite friendly to res
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Roberts Cave was opened in 2001 by
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Mike Kennedy at the South Y in Sull
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Lawrence County Caves Sullivan Cave
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with breakdown. One passage to the
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Wayne Cave is the property of the I
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The natural bridge at Camp Two. Pho
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Dillon Cave is located in the Hoosi
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Lost River Cave should be considere
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Janie Atz preparing to cross the li
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Tom Duselis looking at cannonballs
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Owen County Caves 413
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Washington County Caves Cave River
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and continues as such to the Flowst
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een known as the Wet Clifty Cave an
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water depth, this passage eventuall
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After entering the gate at Henderso
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head of a dry ravine. The first 300
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at the Trinkle Cavern Entrance. Alt
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Section IX: Color Photography 42
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Bill Baus in the Formation Room in
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A cannonball in the Boone-Cannonbal
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John Harris in Binkleys Cave’s He
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Aaron Atz in CHUG Hall in Teds Dig.
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Cavers in the Wayne Cave crawlway.
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Willie Hunt in Jewel Box Cave. Phot
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Nate Newkirk in Lower Wild Turkey C
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Nate Newkirk in Redmond Cave. Photo
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A Abram, Jerry 400 Abram, Marie 400
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Cooper, James Fenimore 260 Cope, E.
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Elliot Stahl with the warning sign
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Hodges, Frank 393 Holiday World The
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McGowan, Dave 256 McGrain, Preston
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P.B.R. Plunge 369 Packard’s groun
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Spaulding, Greg 254, 255, 365 spide
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Dave Stahl ascending Fuzzy Hole. Ph
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