Mark Coleman Wallace PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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public and national demand for increased openness in masonic activities. Chapter 5 explores the first of these important yet poorly-understood cases, the Maybole Trial of Sedition in 1800, which involved two West Coast lodges, wild accusations of Illuminati infiltration, and charges that radical Irish societies were using masonic lodges as covers for seditious activities. The second legal battle occurred in Edinburgh itself, pitting two lodges against one another and eventually ending in what modern masonic historians have labelled the Masonic Secession of 1808. Chapter 6 examines masonic protocol in relation to political issues and the observance of proscribed laws. Sparked by a political debate, the Masonic Secession of 1808, or the Great Masonic Rebellion, was the culmination of a century of change among freemasons in Scotland. As we shall see, the Rebellion manifested the extreme resentment of some Scottish lodges towards one another and triggered an intense questioning of the political and personal motivations of the Grand Lodge of Scotland, all of which nearly caused the complete collapse of Scottish freemasonry. 11
Chapter Two ‘Antient Lustre in This Kindgome:’ The Grand Lodge of Scotland, Operative Freemasonry and the Early Characteristics of Scottish Lodges Peter Clark – in his recent study British Clubs and Societies 1580-1800 (2000) – particularly emphasizes the role of freemasonry in “fostering social harmony, serving to unite different social, as well as political and religious groups,” and its effective deployment of “all the…levers of recruitment, marketing, and organization.” 1 Clark explains that through publicity, self- promotion, and the creation of a central governing body, freemasonry became “the biggest association in the British world.” 2 Although largely based on English evidence, there are several broad similarities between Clark’s conclusions and the progress of eighteenth-century Scottish freemasonry: the creation of a central Grand Lodge, a penchant for conviviality, adherence to a system of constitutionalism, overt respect and loyalty for the political establishment, varying degrees of Newtonian intellectual influence, and a clear, recognizable presence in the community. 3 Regardless of 1 Clark, British Clubs, 319; 348. 2 Ibid. See pages 309-348 for a discussion of British freemasonry and its functions, characteristics and politics. 3 David Stevenson argues that in order to correctly situate the origins of Scottish freemasonry, the “relevant English evidence must also be examined. When this is done, it immediately becomes apparent that the English evidence is very different from the Scottish,” Origins, 213- 233. For a discussion on Scottish masonic lodge membership in Edinburgh, see Lisa Kahler, “Freemasonry In Edinburgh 1721-1746: Institutions And Context,” Unpublished Thesis (St Andrews, 1998).
Page 1 and 2: 0;??6>5 3=228/>;9=B &+'*"&,&%- >! U
Page 3 and 4: For Uncle Dennis
Page 5 and 6: Abstract Modern freemasonry emerged
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgements This study would n
Page 9 and 10: conflict which severely damaged the
Page 11 and 12: ealm of historical inquiry. One has
Page 13 and 14: extensively with them, David Steven
Page 15 and 16: associations were often politically
Page 17: freemasonry. Chapter 3 focuses on t
Page 21 and 22: it was consciously trying to ‘rem
Page 23 and 24: publication was delayed until 1723.
Page 25 and 26: operations, which were carried out
Page 27 and 28: cohesiveness between the lodges by
Page 29 and 30: Three separate incidents occurred d
Page 31 and 32: view ignores the fact that the lodg
Page 33 and 34: entertainment whether they be prese
Page 35 and 36: Consequently, Kilwinning resumed it
Page 37 and 38: the members of the Royal Arch and K
Page 39 and 40: Scottish freemasons were teaching a
Page 41 and 42: untrained as stonemasons. This entr
Page 43 and 44: them paying each one pound five shi
Page 45 and 46: gentlemen into their lodges, not li
Page 47 and 48: of gentlemen masons was a direct re
Page 49 and 50: opposed to operatives, which “wer
Page 51 and 52: made manifest in the mathematical a
Page 53 and 54: conjunction with the management and
Page 55 and 56: For Reformation of Manners &c. In E
Page 57 and 58: eighteenth-century Scotland reveals
Page 59 and 60: association as a device for further
Page 61 and 62: 1756, for the Grand Lodge resolved
Page 63 and 64: Provisions were also established to
Page 65 and 66: Stonemasons, Shipmasters, and Shoem
Page 67 and 68: suggesting that classicism and the
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of 1.5 members over a fourteen year
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Newtonian Society, were also freema
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highly improbable that Scottish fre
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for inspecting…houses reported th
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Table 3.1. Number of Scottish Lodge
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that potential members who were sto
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than just a central governing body
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y the Grand Lodge They nominated an
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not been officially recognized by t
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promote a “more regular Correspon
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Kilbride were present in the initia
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with the overall development of fre
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late as 1760 “the majority of Mod
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Number of Lodges 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
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Comparing the numbers from 1736 to
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membership lists were mentioned in
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Number of Members 300 250 200 150 1
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The data need careful qualification
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and diverse population from which t
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2 highlights the patterns of masoni
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time and money.” 75 As the list i
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Freemasonry was popular for several
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freemasons is ambiguous. 88 And fin
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development. Necessary to the achie
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110 Grand and imposing as the whole
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when he hoped there would be a nume
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Upon entry to the lodge, new member
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Fellow Crafts, and a sum equal to b
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“did not incline to the trade he
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Similar to other Scottish lodges, t
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discourse of Hanoverian freemasonry
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124 hospitality and disinterested f
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The Bureaucratic Reformation Clark
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presumably charity and entertainmen
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Lodge of Scotland had instituted a
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in arrears. The Grand Lodge stipula
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significant consolidation of power
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eceipts for expenditures, purchase
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subsidiary societies, by the demand
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which temporarily coincided.” 5 F
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consequences brought all political
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more broadly the patriotic mood tha
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was sick of the sight of them, and
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Two verses follow which reiterate t
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eform clubs.” 39 The objectives o
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members ultimately resolved “That
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egularly published pamphlets agitat
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century. In the politically volatil
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The first piece of legislation desi
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epression.” 76 Unlike Pitt, who d
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state.” 89 Wells asserts that of
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given for raising a tumult or noise
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Although arguably masonic oaths fel
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The Scottish Grand Lodge’s inclus
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170 suppression of Societies Establ
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By 23 January 1801, despite numerou
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government’s ban on issuing new c
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idea of setting aside the exempting
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expelled lodges for much less; thus
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ights, privileges, and powers, in l
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houses. Government action against s
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status and they had no intention of
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deemed a lodge which did not sit by
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hierarchical authority.” 12 In Eu
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French model, Robison claimed that
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they were much more prominent in Co
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Questioning the integrity of the so
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196 this Order is engaged in the Sc
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allusions in turn may well relate t
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was essentially “a reaction again
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anks, a great many Masons must have
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ideology of the society, Smyth main
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and 1790s, the population of Ulster
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mass membership it sought to attrac
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On 6 February 1797, Lodge Royal Arc
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contravene the regulation which sta
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inadmissible, as No. 264 was then n
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and regulations arising from the Ac
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218 descriptions of Masons under va
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Unlike the earlier allegations made
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two primary witnesses from the Gran
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include a fantastic story which imp
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1790s. 145 Ultimately, financial di
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the Masonic Secession of 1808. Alth
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Chapter Six ‘The Scotch Diable Bo
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freemasons, where political discuss
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Notably, there were several Whig le
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Political Exploitation and Masonic
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een elected Substitute Grand Master
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was more cordial and deferential du
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suffered a crushing defeat, confirm
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laid in Grand Lodge that required s
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Despite strong objections from Ingl
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Under this statute, Gibson’s acti
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of Edinburgh.” 69 Mitchell’s al
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the Grand Lodge, had been art and p
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of this masonic conspiracy contrive
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Might set the tamest lodge on earth
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Power.” 91 Clearly, the Moderns v
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“to the exclusion of all else.”
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its members Not surprisingly, in a
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the Maybole Trial, the Grand Lodge
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Societies Act and the laws of the G
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letter was removed from the Court.
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spurned the ignoble bondage…[and]
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Chapter Seven: Conclusion ‘A Will
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1736, Scottish lodges were an impor
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By 1799, the Grand Lodge of Scotlan
Page 285 and 286:
masonic privileges after several of
Page 287 and 288:
Roman Eagle Lodge No. 160 Minute Bo
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282 Society In Scotland For Propaga
Page 291 and 292:
Dickinson, H.T. “Popular Loyalism
Page 293 and 294:
Hewitt, A.R. “The Grand Lodge of
Page 295 and 296:
MacDermot, Frank. Theobald Wolfe To
Page 297 and 298:
S.N. Smith, “The So-Called ‘Exp
Page 299 and 300:
Williams, T. Desmond, ed. Secret So
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Appendix 1: Occupational Returns fo
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1748 Mason (3) Wright Writer Baxter
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1767 Writer (3) Merchant (4) Surgeo
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Squarewright (2) Wright Surgeon Shi
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1739 Gentleman Students of Physics
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Coppersmith 1755 Student (5) Comedi
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1763 Student (5) Gentleman (5) Cabi
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Sword Maker (1) Tailor (1) Teacher
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12 November 1755 Mason (19) Slater
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1756 (1) Writer: 1 Drawer: 1 1757 (
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41 Occupations Represented 17 Mason
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Appendix 2: Freemasons and Multiple
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318 SSE: Select Society for Promoti
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Patrick Duff 35 (CK): MS, ES, SS Da
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Alexander Kincaid 69 (CK): CTB Alex
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Dr. Alexander Stevenson 103 (HH/G):
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Appendix 3: List of Suspended Lodge
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Appendix 4: Grand Lodge of Scotland
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1754: David Dalrymple 1755-60: Geor
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1795: Sir James Foulis 1796-1798: J
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1736-1751: Robert Alison (Archibald
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application to Parliament or otherw
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338 As Several of the Lodges in the
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[Signed] Dalkeith, addressed to Sir
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342 thought advisable to defer the
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Appendix 6: Grand Lodge Minutes Reg
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346 They also produced a Certificat
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Appendix 7: Lodge Royal Arch Maybol
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350 Lodge of Scotland therefor we d
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Appendix 8: National Archives of Sc
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All which he declares to be truth
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356 Our will is Herefore and we cha
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[Signed] William Gordon, witness Wi
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of all facts and circumstances that
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Grant Charters which is very much d
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Kilwinning Lodge stating the powers
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366 The above letters having been r
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usurpation of the fourth Friday but
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Ancient Grand Lodge of England: 1 J
Page 379 and 380:
372 Religion, which however both po
Page 381:
374 Lodge, and are further highly i
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Mark Coleman Wallace PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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