Mark Coleman Wallace PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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The final analysis shows that during the eighteenth century, Scottish freemasonry ebbed and flowed. Overall representation in the smaller Districts was fairly consistent and stable, with fluctuations paralleling the general rise and fall of numbers throughout the century. Certainly, between 1736 and 1800, Scottish freemasonry did expand in terms of new lodges and Provincial Districts. Figures 3.6 and 3.7 suggest, however, that with the exception of noticeable spikes in the larger Districts, the broader picture is one of early gains overshadowed by a gradual decline from 1736 to 1800. Number of Lodges Number of Lodges 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Western Lodges Figure 3.6. Overall Trends of the Five Largest Districts 1736-1800 Dumfries & Galloway Aberdeen & Angus Districts Highlands Edinburgh Figure 3.7. Overall Trends of the Six Smallest Districts 1736-1800 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1Fife Stirling Perth & Kinross Districts Borders Orkney & Shetland Western Isles 1736-1750 1751-1765 1766-1785 1786-1800 1736-1750 1751-1765 1766-1785 1786-1800 89
Comparing the numbers from 1736 to 1765 and 1766 to 1800, the evidence supporting a general decline of lodges is even more apparent. Despite modest increases for the Districts of the Western Lodges (21 per cent), Dumfries and Galloway (10 per cent), and Aberdeen and Angus (1 per cent), and no change for Perth and Kinross, lodges in the remaining Districts decreased by an average of 50 per cent, with the Edinburgh and Metropolitan District showing the largest reduction at 68 per cent. As Figure 3.8 reveals, by 1800 the heaviest concentrations of lodges appeared in the Western District, Dumfries and Galloway, Aberdeen and Angus, Edinburgh, and the Highlands (Figure 3.8). Number of Lodges 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Edinburgh 29 Western Lodges Figure 3.8. Total Number of Lodges per District 1736-1800 56 75 Perth & Kinross 14 Dumfries & Galloway 44 Stirling 18 19 Fife Aberdeen & Angus Districts 31 Borders 12 Highlands 26 Orkney & Shetland 4 Western Isles 1 Number of Lodges Although arguably the 1760s and 1770s appear to be the apogee of Scottish freemasonry in terms of new lodges, the results manifest more sobering trends. As we have seen, lodge totals and patterns of creation were inconsistent even among the larger Districts. Population was no solid indicator of regional representation, as the largest city had the largest decline in new lodges from 1736 to 1800. Finally, masonic concentrations were skewed towards the central, 56 The totals do not reflect military and colonial lodges or the one un-located lodge, New Tarbet (1738). 90
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For Uncle Dennis
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Abstract Modern freemasonry emerged
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Acknowledgements This study would n
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conflict which severely damaged the
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ealm of historical inquiry. One has
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extensively with them, David Steven
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associations were often politically
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freemasonry. Chapter 3 focuses on t
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Chapter Two ‘Antient Lustre in Th
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it was consciously trying to ‘rem
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publication was delayed until 1723.
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operations, which were carried out
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cohesiveness between the lodges by
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Three separate incidents occurred d
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view ignores the fact that the lodg
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entertainment whether they be prese
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Consequently, Kilwinning resumed it
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the members of the Royal Arch and K
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Scottish freemasons were teaching a
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untrained as stonemasons. This entr
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them paying each one pound five shi
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Page 47 and 48: of gentlemen masons was a direct re
Page 49 and 50: opposed to operatives, which “wer
Page 51 and 52: made manifest in the mathematical a
Page 53 and 54: conjunction with the management and
Page 55 and 56: For Reformation of Manners &c. In E
Page 57 and 58: eighteenth-century Scotland reveals
Page 59 and 60: association as a device for further
Page 61 and 62: 1756, for the Grand Lodge resolved
Page 63 and 64: Provisions were also established to
Page 65 and 66: Stonemasons, Shipmasters, and Shoem
Page 67 and 68: suggesting that classicism and the
Page 69 and 70: of 1.5 members over a fourteen year
Page 71 and 72: Newtonian Society, were also freema
Page 73 and 74: highly improbable that Scottish fre
Page 75 and 76: for inspecting…houses reported th
Page 77 and 78: Table 3.1. Number of Scottish Lodge
Page 79 and 80: that potential members who were sto
Page 81 and 82: than just a central governing body
Page 83 and 84: y the Grand Lodge They nominated an
Page 85 and 86: not been officially recognized by t
Page 87 and 88: promote a “more regular Correspon
Page 89 and 90: Kilbride were present in the initia
Page 91 and 92: with the overall development of fre
Page 93 and 94: late as 1760 “the majority of Mod
Page 95: Number of Lodges 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Page 99 and 100: membership lists were mentioned in
Page 101 and 102: Number of Members 300 250 200 150 1
Page 103 and 104: The data need careful qualification
Page 105 and 106: and diverse population from which t
Page 107 and 108: 2 highlights the patterns of masoni
Page 109 and 110: time and money.” 75 As the list i
Page 111 and 112: Freemasonry was popular for several
Page 113 and 114: freemasons is ambiguous. 88 And fin
Page 115 and 116: development. Necessary to the achie
Page 117 and 118: 110 Grand and imposing as the whole
Page 119 and 120: when he hoped there would be a nume
Page 121 and 122: Upon entry to the lodge, new member
Page 123 and 124: Fellow Crafts, and a sum equal to b
Page 125 and 126: “did not incline to the trade he
Page 127 and 128: Similar to other Scottish lodges, t
Page 129 and 130: discourse of Hanoverian freemasonry
Page 131 and 132: 124 hospitality and disinterested f
Page 133 and 134: The Bureaucratic Reformation Clark
Page 135 and 136: presumably charity and entertainmen
Page 137 and 138: Lodge of Scotland had instituted a
Page 139 and 140: in arrears. The Grand Lodge stipula
Page 141 and 142: significant consolidation of power
Page 143 and 144: eceipts for expenditures, purchase
Page 145 and 146: subsidiary societies, by the demand
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which temporarily coincided.” 5 F
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consequences brought all political
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more broadly the patriotic mood tha
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was sick of the sight of them, and
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Two verses follow which reiterate t
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eform clubs.” 39 The objectives o
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members ultimately resolved “That
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egularly published pamphlets agitat
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century. In the politically volatil
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The first piece of legislation desi
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epression.” 76 Unlike Pitt, who d
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state.” 89 Wells asserts that of
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given for raising a tumult or noise
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Although arguably masonic oaths fel
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The Scottish Grand Lodge’s inclus
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170 suppression of Societies Establ
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By 23 January 1801, despite numerou
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government’s ban on issuing new c
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idea of setting aside the exempting
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expelled lodges for much less; thus
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ights, privileges, and powers, in l
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houses. Government action against s
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status and they had no intention of
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deemed a lodge which did not sit by
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hierarchical authority.” 12 In Eu
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French model, Robison claimed that
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they were much more prominent in Co
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Questioning the integrity of the so
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196 this Order is engaged in the Sc
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allusions in turn may well relate t
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was essentially “a reaction again
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anks, a great many Masons must have
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ideology of the society, Smyth main
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and 1790s, the population of Ulster
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mass membership it sought to attrac
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On 6 February 1797, Lodge Royal Arc
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contravene the regulation which sta
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inadmissible, as No. 264 was then n
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and regulations arising from the Ac
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218 descriptions of Masons under va
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Unlike the earlier allegations made
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two primary witnesses from the Gran
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include a fantastic story which imp
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1790s. 145 Ultimately, financial di
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the Masonic Secession of 1808. Alth
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Chapter Six ‘The Scotch Diable Bo
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freemasons, where political discuss
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Notably, there were several Whig le
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Political Exploitation and Masonic
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een elected Substitute Grand Master
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was more cordial and deferential du
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suffered a crushing defeat, confirm
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laid in Grand Lodge that required s
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Despite strong objections from Ingl
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Under this statute, Gibson’s acti
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of Edinburgh.” 69 Mitchell’s al
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the Grand Lodge, had been art and p
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of this masonic conspiracy contrive
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Might set the tamest lodge on earth
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Power.” 91 Clearly, the Moderns v
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“to the exclusion of all else.”
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its members Not surprisingly, in a
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the Maybole Trial, the Grand Lodge
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Societies Act and the laws of the G
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letter was removed from the Court.
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spurned the ignoble bondage…[and]
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Chapter Seven: Conclusion ‘A Will
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1736, Scottish lodges were an impor
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By 1799, the Grand Lodge of Scotlan
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masonic privileges after several of
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Roman Eagle Lodge No. 160 Minute Bo
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282 Society In Scotland For Propaga
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Dickinson, H.T. “Popular Loyalism
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Hewitt, A.R. “The Grand Lodge of
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MacDermot, Frank. Theobald Wolfe To
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S.N. Smith, “The So-Called ‘Exp
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Williams, T. Desmond, ed. Secret So
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Appendix 1: Occupational Returns fo
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1748 Mason (3) Wright Writer Baxter
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1767 Writer (3) Merchant (4) Surgeo
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Squarewright (2) Wright Surgeon Shi
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1739 Gentleman Students of Physics
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Coppersmith 1755 Student (5) Comedi
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1763 Student (5) Gentleman (5) Cabi
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Sword Maker (1) Tailor (1) Teacher
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12 November 1755 Mason (19) Slater
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1756 (1) Writer: 1 Drawer: 1 1757 (
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41 Occupations Represented 17 Mason
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Appendix 2: Freemasons and Multiple
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318 SSE: Select Society for Promoti
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Patrick Duff 35 (CK): MS, ES, SS Da
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Alexander Kincaid 69 (CK): CTB Alex
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Dr. Alexander Stevenson 103 (HH/G):
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Appendix 3: List of Suspended Lodge
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Appendix 4: Grand Lodge of Scotland
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1754: David Dalrymple 1755-60: Geor
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1795: Sir James Foulis 1796-1798: J
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1736-1751: Robert Alison (Archibald
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application to Parliament or otherw
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338 As Several of the Lodges in the
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[Signed] Dalkeith, addressed to Sir
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342 thought advisable to defer the
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Appendix 6: Grand Lodge Minutes Reg
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346 They also produced a Certificat
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Appendix 7: Lodge Royal Arch Maybol
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350 Lodge of Scotland therefor we d
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Appendix 8: National Archives of Sc
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All which he declares to be truth
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356 Our will is Herefore and we cha
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[Signed] William Gordon, witness Wi
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of all facts and circumstances that
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Grant Charters which is very much d
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Kilwinning Lodge stating the powers
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366 The above letters having been r
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usurpation of the fourth Friday but
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Ancient Grand Lodge of England: 1 J
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372 Religion, which however both po
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374 Lodge, and are further highly i
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Mark Coleman Wallace PhD Thesis - University of St Andrews

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