Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Alliance Pinus taeda Planted Forest Alliance (A.99) Alliance (English name) Loblolly Pine Planted Forest Alliance Association Pinus taeda Planted Forest Association (English name) Loblolly Pine Planted Forest Ecological System(s): Information not available. GLOBAL DESCRIPTION Concept Summary: This association represents young, monospecific planted stands of Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). Due to the commercial value of this species, this type is widely distributed across much of the southeastern United States from the Interior Highlands to the Coastal Plain, including areas outside the natural range of the species. The core concept of stands attributable to this type are those which support dense, often perfect rows of planted Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) or otherwise dense, young stands which are established, managed, and/or maintained for the extraction of forest products (usually pulpwood). In most cases these stands support almost no other tree species in the overstory. Understory composition and density can vary widely depending upon location, management history, and stand age. Stands are typically established with mechanical planting, but may also be established through other means. This association rarely exceeds 20-40 years of age on most timberlands. Excluded from this association are plantation stands which have "broken up" with age or thinning to approximate a more natural structure. Dense planting in rows, if successful, tends to result in nearly complete canopy closure which persists until the stand has either been regenerated or transitions into a different association. Herbaceous ground cover of any kind tends to be sparse due to reduction during site preparation, the typically dense canopy cover, and to the fact that many young plantations are infrequently burned at best. Environmental Description: Environmental setting varies widely by site. Stands often occur on level to gently sloping areas, on soils that range from dry to poorly drained. Vegetation Description: There is considerable local variation among stands of this planted vegetation type across its broad range (from the Interior Highlands to the Coastal Plain, including areas outside the natural range of the species). In the Ouachita Mountains planted loblolly is found with a variable amount of Quercus alba (white oak), Quercus falcata (southern red oak), Quercus marilandica (blackjack oak), Quercus stellata (post oak), and Quercus velutina (black oak); on drier sites Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine), Carya alba (mockernut hickory), and Carya texana (black hickory); and Acer rubrum (red maple), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), and Quercus nigra (water oak) on wetter sites. The understory can be thick especially after thinning and/or burning. Common understory species are Vaccinium pallidum (Blue Ridge blueberry), Vaccinium arboreum (farkleberry), Vaccinium stamineum (deerberry), Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), Ulmus alata (winged elm), and others. Vines are an important component, including Berchemia scandens (Alabama supplejack), Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle), Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper), Vitis spp. (grapes), Smilax spp. (greenbriers), and Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy). In dense stands the herbaceous layer is suppressed by dense needle litter. In thinned and burned stands the plantations are often grazed. Herbaceous species can include Solidago ulmifolia (elmleaf goldenrod), Chasmanthium sessiliflorum (longleaf woodoats), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Danthonia spicata (poverty oatgrass), Tephrosia virginiana (Virginia tephrosia), Lespedeza spp. (lespedezas), Symphyotrichum patens (late purple aster), Eupatorium spp. (thoroughworts), and others. In Oklahoma, associates include Rhus copallinum (flameleaf sumac), Hypericum densiflorum (bushy St. Johnswort), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) and 180
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy) (Hoagland 2000). Additional data on several stands on the Croatan National Forest can be found in Doyle and Allard (1990). Most Abundant Species: Information not available. Characteristic Species: Information not available. Other Noteworthy Species: Information not available. USFWS Wetland System: Not applicable. DISTRIBUTION Range: This association is found throughout the southeastern United States. States/Provinces: AL, AR, DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA Federal Lands: DOD (Arnold, Fort Benning, Fort Bragg, Fort Gordon, Fort Stewart); DOE (Savannah River Site); NPS (Appomattox Court House, Chickamauga-Chattanooga?, Colonial, Fredericksburg-Spotsylvania, George Washington Birthplace, Natchez Trace, Obed, Petersburg, Richmond, Vicksburg); USFS (Angelina, Bankhead?, Bienville, Cherokee, Conecuh, Croatan, Davy Crockett, De Soto, Delta, Francis Marion, Holly Springs, Kisatchie, Land Between the Lakes, Oconee, Ouachita, Ouachita (Coastal Plain), Ouachita (Mountains), Ozark, Sabine, Sam Houston, St. Francis?, Sumter, Sumter (Mountains), Sumter (Piedmont), Talladega, Talladega (Oakmulgee), Talladega (Talladega), Tombigbee, Tuskegee); USFWS (Blackwater, Chesapeake Marshlands, Eufaula, Prime Hook). CONSERVATION STATUS Rank: GNA (cultural) (8-Aug-2000). Reasons: This community represents vegetation which has been planted in its current location by humans and/or is treated with annual tillage, a modified conservation tillage, or other intensive management or manipulation. It is not a conservation priority and does not receive a conservation rank. CLASSIFICATION INFORMATION Status: Standard. Confidence: 2 - Moderate. Comments: At Arnold Air Force Base, Coffee and Franklin counties, Tennessee, Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) is near the edge of its putative natural range and was apparently absent prior to being planted there between 1945 and 1950 on abandoned agricultural land and along roadsides. Older plantings have not been intensively managed, and many have become "modified" vegetation (e.g., CEGL007109) and are no longer regarded as plantations. More recently (1998 2001) some of these older pine stands have been harvested and replaced with true Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) plantations. Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) also invades seasonally wet hardwood depressions, but these stands remain recognizable as to their natural identity (e.g., CEGL007364). Associations occur as plantations and on old fields on Kisatchie and Sumter national forests and after blowdowns on the Kisatchie. South Carolina information after Jones et al. (1981). In the Coastal Plain of South Carolina, there are mature loblolly plantations, often with Prunus serotina var. serotina (black cherry) in the understory, that have been prescribed burned (based on seven plots at Savannah River Site) - such stands are presumably better covered under Pinus taeda (loblolly pine) Forest Alliance (A.130). Plantations occur in obvious rows in the aerial photos of the Delmarva Peninsula in Maryland. 181
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Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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