Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Appendix K. Key to the vegetation classes 2 at Colonial National Historical Park. 1a Vegetation dominated by trees and shrubs. ....................................................................................... 2 1b Vegetation dominated by herbaceous plants; woody species absent or very sparse. .............................................................................................................................................. 34 WOODY VEGETATION 2a Woody vegetation dominated by native species in the upper stratum (exotics may be present, but not dominant). ..................................................................................... 3 2b Woody vegetation (forests or shrublands) dominated by exotic species in the uppermost stratum, e.g. golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa), Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), or English ivy (Hedera helix). ....................................................................................... 20 3a Upland forest and shrubland, not influenced by flooding or groundwater. ....................................... 4 3b Woody vegetation of wetlands. ....................................................................................................... 22 4a Forest with canopy dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), and/or sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) may be present in some stands. .................................................................................. 5 4b Forest or shrubland not dominated by oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), or tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera). ................................................................................................................ 15 5a Forest with shrub layer dominated by dense ericaceous (heath) species such as blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), or huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.) forming a nearly continuous shrub strata. ...................................... 6 5b Forest not characterized by heath-dominated shrub layer (heaths may be present, but not dominant). ................................................................................................................ 7 6a Heath species are deciduous; blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) or huckleberries (Gaylussacia spp.). ..................................... Piedmont / Low Elevation Mixed Oak / Heath Forest 6b Heath species are evergreen; mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) dominant shrub. ......................................................... Piedmont / Coastal Plain Oak – Beech / Heath Forest 7a Forest dominated by mesophytic trees such as tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), white oak (Quercus alba), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); mesic sites on slopes, flats, or low lying areas. ................................................................................................................................. 8 7b Forest dominated by white oak (Quercus alba), chestnut oak (Quercus prinus), chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), or sand hickory (Carya pallida); sites submesic to subxeric slopes or low sandy ridges. ............................. 9 2 If a vegetation-map class name differs from the vegetation class common name (i.e. Common Name (Parkspecific) used in Appendix I), the vegetation-map class name follows in brackets. 360
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park 8a Forest on disturbed flats and disturbed slopes, often with extensive wind damage and high cover by nonnative species in the shrub and herb strata; Canopy dominance by tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and/or sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), with or without loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). ........................................ 10 8b Forests on undisturbed slopes and flats. Tree canopy diverse (many different species present); mixed age classes; a mixture of oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and others; pines absent, or of very low cover. ...................................................................................... 11 9a Forest on slopes with canopy somewhat open or interupted; dominated by chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), sometimes with bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) and southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum). .................................................. 12 9b Closed forests on slopes or low sandy ridges adjacent to salt marshes; chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii) and other calciphylic species absent; pines can be present and abundant. ..................................................................................... 13 10a Forest of small, disturbed stands on slopes bisected by the Colonial Parkway; high cover by exotics species, especially the vine japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), but also with species indicative of calcareous soil such as common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), white ash (Fraxinus americana), black walnut (Juglans nigra), souther sugar maple (Acer barbatum), and bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). ........... Disturbed Calcareous Forest 10b Forest on disturbed flats; tree canopy of low diversity, mostly even-aged, most often characterized by dominance of tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), or both; common associates include sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), and southern red oak (Quercus falcata); in general, oaks (Quercus spp.) and American beech (Fagus grandifolia) absent or of low cover; herb layer often characterized by weeds such as Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum). .............................................................. Successional Tuliptree – Loblolly Pine Forest 11a Forest on mesic slopes or undisturbed flats. ................................................................................... 14 11b Forest on low lying areas surrounded by tidal wetlands; dominated by sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) with white oak (Quercus alba), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda), American holly (Ilex opaca var. opaca), and slender woodoats (Chasmanthium laxum). .................... Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine – Oak Forest 12a Forest with wind disturbance and dominance by exotic species in the shrub and herb layers; Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum) common; pines (Pinus spp.) can be common. ......................................................................... Disturbed Calcareous Forest 12b Oak – hickory forest on slopes, often with exposed shell fragments; canopy somewhat open or interrupted; herb layer sparse but species rich and dominated by native species; calciphylic species evident including chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii), red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis), smooth rockcress (Arabis laevigata), and others; grasses such as Bosc's panicgrass (Dichanthelium boscii), blackseed speargrass (Piptochaetium avenaceum), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), slender Indiangrass (Sorghastrum elliottii), and others prevalent; pines (Pinus spp.) absent or very sparse. ........................................ Coastal Plain Dry Calcareous Forest 361
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Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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