Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park 26a Patchy and variable wetland altered by beavers or humans; shrubs and herbaceous vegetation, often with standing dead trees; open water present, with wetland forbs such as pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata), cattails (Typha spp.), and swamp loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus); common reed (Phragmites australis) often present. .............................................. Semipermanent Impoundment 26b Open forest or woodland cut off from regular tidal waters; dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), with standing dead trees; shrubs include wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) and swamp bay (Persea palustris). ..................................................................... Disturbed Tidal Hardwood Forest 27a Forested wetland occurring on the floodplains of small streams and rivers, with at least occasional overland flooding. ..................................................................................... 28 27b Forested wetland of low-lying areas situated away from or well above rivers or streams; vegetation is groundwater flooded (seepage fed) and rarely, if ever, flooded by rivers or streams. ................................................................................... 29 28a Forested wetland of small stream floodplains; soils well-drained; canopy characterized by sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), and tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera); diverse herbs but WITHOUT hydrophytic forbs characteristic of mucky substrates, such as lizard’s tail (Saururus cernuus); Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum) may dominate along with herbs characteristic of more well-drained floodplains such as sweet woodreed (Cinna arundinacea), nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata), white avens (Geum canadense), and New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis). ........... Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest 28b Forested wetland occurring on the outer edges of large floodplains; substrate mucky with standing water; canopy characterized by green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and red maple (Acer rubrum); hydrophytic forbs such as lizard’s tail (Saururus cernuus), rice cutgrass (Leersia oryzoides), blunt broom sedge (Carex tribuloides), greater marsh St. Johnswort (Triadenum walteri), and threeway sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum). .............................................. ................. Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp Forest (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) 29a Small forested wetland of topographic basins surrounded by uplands. .......................................... 30 29b Forested wetland of ravine bottoms or broad, flat terraces. ............................................................ 32 30a Isolated pond of anthropogenic origin, dominated by small diameter red maple (Acer rubrum) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in the vincity of Green Spring. ............................................................... Disturbed Depressional Wetland 30b Seasonally flooded forested wetland of natural sinkhole ponds in the vicinity of Yorktown Battlefield. .................................................................................................... 31 364
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park 31a Canopy characterized by swamp tupelo (Nyssa biflora), red maple (Acer rubrum), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); shrub layer (if present) characterized by swamp doghobble (Leucothoe racemosa) and common buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). ...................................... Coastal Plain Depression Wetland (Swamp Tupelo Type) 31b Canopy characterized by sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), and/or willow oak (Quercus phellos); shrub layer characterized by American holly (Ilex opaca var. opaca) and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). ............................................... ...................... Coastal Plain Depression Wetland (Red Maple – Sweetgum – Willow Oak Type) 32a Narrow, seepage-influenced forest of disturbed, roadside wetlands or in the upper reaches of impounded ravine systems; exotic plant species common. ................................................................................................. Disturbed Seepage Swamp 32b Wetland forest of undisturbed ravine bottoms or seasonally flooded to saturated broad, flat terraces. ........................................................................................................... 33 33a Wetland forest of ravine bottoms; substrate very mucky, with pronounced hummock and hollow microtopography; canopy characterized by green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and red maple (Acer rubrum); hydrophytic oak species absent; golden ragwort (Packera aurea), drooping bulrush (Scirpus lineatus), lizard’s tail (Saururus cernuus), and lesser clearweed (Pilea fontana) are characteristic; bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) may be important in some stands. ............................................. Coastal Plain Calcareous Seepage Swamp 33b Wetland forest of broad flat terraces; sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), red maple (Acer rubrum), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) present in combination with the hydrophytic oak species swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii), willow oak (Quercus phellos), water oak (Quercus nigra), or pin oak (Quercus palustris). .......................................... Non-Riverine Saturated Forest HERBACEOUS VEGETATION 34a Upland herbaceous vegetation; meadow dominated by the sod-forming exotic grass species meadow ryegrass (Lolium pratense), orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), and broomsedge bluestem (Andropogon virginicus); and the forb species European field pansy (Viola arvensis), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and others; may include scattered trees and shrubs, windrows, ditches, and small isolated wetland areas. ........................ Cultural Meadow 34b Herbaceous wetland. ....................................................................................................................... 35 35a Nontidal wetland; wetland associated with beaver or anthropogenic impoundments; open water, herbaceous, and shrubby patches; may have standing dead trees. ......................................................................... Semipermanent Impoundment 35b Tidal wetland; herbaceous wetland of rivers influenced by tidal flooding. .................................... 36 36a Tidal marsh dominated by smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), often less than 1 m tall. ............................................................................................................................. 37 36b Tidal marsh dominated by grasses and/or forbs other than smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora); typically greater than 1 m tall. .................................................. 38 365
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Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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