Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park COMMON NAME (PARK-SPECIFIC): TIDAL OLIGOHALINE MARSH (SALTMEADOW CORDGRASS - OLNEY THREE-SQUARE LOW INTERIOR MARSH TYPE) SYNONYMS USNVC English Name: Chairmaker's Bulrush - Saltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous Vegetation USNVC Scientific Name: Schoenoplectus americanus - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation USNVC Identifier: CEGL006612 LOCAL INFORMATION Environmental Description: This oligohaline marsh association is found on the upper reaches of tidal creeks where the hydrologic regime is primarily lunar tidal. The substrate is characterized by an unusual floating mat of partially decomposed organic matter, fine roots, and Schoenoplectus (bulrush) rhizomes to a depth of >40 cm. This vegetation may form extensive (>1000-square-meter) patches in the interior of marshes and is typically absent from a 20- to 50m edge zone along tidal channels. Vegetation Description: This species-diverse, relatively short-statured marsh contains a mixture of characteristically oligohaline and mesohaline species. This association is dominated by Schoenoplectus americanus (chairmaker's bulrush), occurring with Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass). Other typical associates include Amaranthus cannabinus (tidalmarsh amaranth), Cyperus odoratus (fragrant flatsedge), Distichlis spicata (inland saltgrass), Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos (crimsoneyed rosemallow), Kosteletzkya virginica (Virginia saltmarsh mallow), Panicum virgatum var. virgatum (switchgrass), Polygonum punctatum (dotted smartweed), and Typha angustifolia (narrowleaf cattail). Most Abundant Species: Stratum Lifeform Species Herb (field) Graminoid Schoenoplectus americanus (chairmaker's bulrush) Characteristic Species: Schoenoplectus americanus (chairmaker's bulrush), Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass). Other Noteworthy Species: Species GRank Type Note Eleocharis rostellata (beaked spikerush) - plant VA watchlist (S3) Subnational Distribution with Crosswalk Data: State SRank Rel Conf SName Reference VA SNR* B . Tidal Oligohaline Marsh Fleming et al. 2006 Local Range: Tidal Oligohaline Marsh (Saltmeadow Cordgrass - Olney Three-Square Low Interior Marsh Type) is found at Jamestown Island. It is one of five associations included in the map class Tidal Oligohaline Marsh. The five associations cannot be mapped separately based on photo signatures, and a combined map class was used for the vegetation map. Polygons of Tidal Oligohaline Marsh may, in some cases, include several associations. Classification Comments: This association is distinguished by being dominated by Schoenoplectus americanus (chairmaker's bulrush) and occurring in the interior of marshes. Other Comments: Information not available. 290
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Local Description Authors: K. D. Patterson. Plots: COLO.115, COLO.116. Colonial National Historical Park Inventory Notes: Information not available. GLOBAL INFORMATION USNVC CLASSIFICATION Physiognomic Class Herbaceous Vegetation (V) Physiognomic Subclass Perennial graminoid vegetation (V.A.) Physiognomic Group Temperate or subpolar grassland (V.A.5.) Physiognomic Subgroup Natural/Semi-natural temperate or subpolar grassland (V.A.5.N.) Formation Tidal temperate or subpolar grassland (V.A.5.N.n.) Alliance Schoenoplectus americanus Tidal Herbaceous Alliance (A.2007) Alliance (English name) Chairmaker's Bulrush Tidal Herbaceous Alliance Association Schoenoplectus americanus - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation Association (English name) Chairmaker's Bulrush - Saltmeadow Cordgrass Herbaceous Vegetation Ecological System(s): Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Brackish Tidal Marsh (CES203.894). GLOBAL DESCRIPTION Concept Summary: This brackish marsh occurs in wet depressions at the upper reaches of irregularly flooded tidal marshes of the mid-Atlantic coast. It occurs at the ecotone between low and high salt marsh zones. It is irregularly flooded, occurring just above the zone of regular tidal flooding, but is more frequently flooded than Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)-dominated high marsh. This community is dominated by colonies of Schoenoplectus americanus (chairmaker's bulrush), which often accounts for 40-75% of the total vegetation cover or codominant with Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass) at some sites. Associated species can include Pluchea odorata (sweetscent), Juncus roemerianus (needlegrass rush), Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), Spartina cynosuroides (big cordgrass), Distichlis spicata (inland saltgrass), and Limonium carolinianum (Carolina sealavender) plus Typha spp. (cattails) and Phragmites australis (common reed). This community often grades into Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)- or Juncus roemerianus (needlegrass rush)-dominated high marsh landward or Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass)- or Spartina cynosuroides (big cordgrass)dominated low marsh seaward. This association is best developed where the elevation gradient across the marsh is more gradual, allowing for greater diversity of physical conditions of duration and frequency of flooding. Environmental Description: This association occurs in wet depressions of high salt marshes and in the ecotone between low and high salt marsh zones. It is irregularly flooded, occurring just above the zone of regular tidal flooding, but is more frequently flooded than Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)-dominated high marsh. This association is best developed where the elevation gradient across the marsh is more gradual, allowing for greater diversity of physical conditions of duration and frequency of flooding. Vegetation Description: This community is dominated by colonies of Schoenoplectus americanus (chairmaker's bulrush), which often accounts for 40-75% of the total vegetation cover or codominant with Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass) at some sites. Associated species can include Pluchea odorata (sweetscent), Juncus roemerianus (needlegrass rush), Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos (crimsoneyed rosemallow), Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass), Spartina cynosuroides (big cordgrass), Distichlis spicata (inland saltgrass), Limonium carolinianum (Carolina sealavender), and Typha spp. (cattails) Phragmites australis (common reed) also occurs in this vegetation. This community often grades into vegetation dominated by Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass) or Juncus roemerianus (needlegrass rush) 291
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