Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park COMMON NAME (PARK-SPECIFIC): COASTAL PLAIN / PIEDMONT SMALL- STREAM FLOODPLAIN FOREST SYNONYMS USNVC English Name: Sweetgum - Tuliptree / Northern Spicebush / Jack-in-the- Pulpit Forest USNVC Scientific Name: Liquidambar styraciflua - Liriodendron tulipifera / Lindera benzoin / Arisaema triphyllum Forest USNVC Identifier: CEGL004418 LOCAL INFORMATION Environmental Description: Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest is a deciduous forest occurring on temporarily flooded, well-drained alluvial floodplains of small streams. Vegetation Description: Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) is usually the most abundant overstory tree in mixed stands with Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree), Acer rubrum (red maple), Ulmus americana (American elm), and Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore). A number of other trees can occur as inconstant, low-cover associates, including Juglans nigra (black walnut), Celtis occidentalis (common hackberry), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), and Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory). Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush) often dominates the shrub layer with Ilex opaca var. opaca (American holly), Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam), and Asimina triloba (pawpaw). The vines Decumaria barbara (woodvamp) and Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy) often climb into the canopy. In Colonial National Historical Park, the herb stratum is often a carpet formed by the exotic grass Microstegium vimineum (Nepalese browntop), but less degraded floodplains have a relatively diverse herb layer composed of both mesophytic and hydrophytic species. Characteristic species include Arisaema triphyllum (Jack in the pulpit), Amphicarpaea bracteata (American hogpeanut), Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum (calico aster), Boehmeria cylindrica (smallspike false nettle), Carex intumescens (greater bladder sedge), Carex radiata (eastern star sedge), Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed), Festuca subverticillata (nodding fescue), Galium triflorum (fragrant bedstraw), Geum canadense (white avens), and Impatiens capensis (jewelweed). Ferns, especially Thelypteris noveboracensis (New York fern), may also form large dominance patches. Most Abundant Species: Stratum Lifeform Species Tree canopy Broad-leaved deciduous tree Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) Shrub/sapling (tall & short) Broad-leaved deciduous shrub Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush) Characteristic Species: Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed), Geum canadense (white avens), Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore), Ulmus americana (American elm). Other Noteworthy Species: Information not available. Subnational Distribution with Crosswalk Data: State SRank Rel Conf SName Reference VA SNR* B 1 Coastal Plain / Piedmont Fleming et al. 2006 Floodplain Forest Local Range: Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest is mapped mostly in Yorktown Battlefield where it is found along Baptist Run and Great Run. Along Beaverdam 232
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Creek, this forest is transitional to Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type). There is a small area classed as Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest along Colonial Parkway, just north of Jones Millpond. Classification Comments: Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest often occurs adjacent to and grades into Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type), which occupies poorly drained floodplain backswamps and has a seasonally flooded hydrology. In ecotonal areas these forests may be difficult to distinguish; however, Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) typically has high cover of Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and/or Acer rubrum (red maple) and more cover by species favoring longer hydroperiods and poorly drained, mucky soils, e.g., Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail), Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass), Carex tribuloides (blunt broom sedge), Triadenum walteri (greater marsh St. Johnswort), Dulichium arundinaceum (threeway sedge). Species that are found in Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest that are uncommon in Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) include Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree), Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore), Thelypteris noveboracensis (New York fern), Polystichum acrostichoides (Christmas fern), and Festuca subverticillata (nodding fescue). Other Comments: Information not available. Local Description Authors: K. D. Patterson. Plots: COLO.11. Colonial National Historical Park Inventory Notes: Information not available. GLOBAL INFORMATION USNVC CLASSIFICATION Physiognomic Class Forest (I) Physiognomic Subclass Deciduous forest (I.B.) Physiognomic Group Cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.) Physiognomic Subgroup Natural/Semi-natural cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.N.) Formation Temporarily flooded cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.N.d.) Alliance Liquidambar styraciflua - (Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance (A.287) Alliance (English name) Sweetgum - (Tuliptree, Red Maple) Temporarily Flooded Forest Alliance Association Liquidambar styraciflua - Liriodendron tulipifera / Lindera benzoin / Arisaema triphyllum Forest Association (English name) Sweetgum - Tuliptree / Northern Spicebush / Jack-in-the-Pulpit Forest Ecological System(s): Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Stream and River (CES203.070). Southern Piedmont Small Floodplain and Riparian Forest (CES202.323). GLOBAL DESCRIPTION Concept Summary: These low-elevation forests develop along relatively acidic soils on small streams in the Coastal Plain of Maryland and Virginia, extending west across the Virginia and North Carolina Piedmont to the Cumberland Plateau and Ridge and Valley. The topographic features of floodplains can heavily influence the individual makeup of examples of this association. The canopy, subcanopy, shrub, and herbaceous layers often are well-developed. Dominant canopy species always include Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) and Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree), while Acer barbatum (southern sugar maple) and Acer rubrum var. rubrum (red maple) may also make up significant amounts of the canopy. This community type exists as a continuum between two subtypes, i.e., the tuliptree subtype and the sweetgum subtype. In some 233
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