Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park GLOBAL INFORMATION USNVC CLASSIFICATION Physiognomic Class Shrubland (III) Physiognomic Subclass Deciduous shrubland (III.B.) Physiognomic Group Cold-deciduous shrubland (III.B.2.) Physiognomic Subgroup Natural/Semi-natural cold-deciduous shrubland (III.B.2.N.) Formation Tidal cold-deciduous shrubland (III.B.2.N.h.) Alliance Baccharis halimifolia - Iva frutescens Tidal Shrubland Alliance (A.1023) Alliance (English name) Groundsel-tree - Maritime Marsh-elder Tidal Shrubland Alliance Association Baccharis halimifolia - Iva frutescens / Panicum virgatum Shrubland Association (English name) Groundsel-tree - Maritime Marsh-elder / Switchgrass Shrubland Ecological System(s): Atlantic Coastal Plain Embayed Region Tidal Salt and Brackish Marsh (CES203.260). Atlantic Coastal Plain Northern Salt Pond Marsh (CES203.892). Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Tidal Salt Marsh (CES203.519). Central Atlantic Coastal Plain Salt and Brackish Tidal Marsh (CES203.270). GLOBAL DESCRIPTION Concept Summary: This maritime shrubland of the eastern states occurs in association with salt marshes. Iva frutescens (Jesuit's bark) is the most characteristic and dominant shrub species, and Baccharis halimifolia (eastern baccharis) is a common associate. Other associated shrubs include Morella pensylvanica (northern bayberry) in the northern portion of the range, while Borrichia frutescens (bushy seaside tansy), Morella cerifera (wax myrtle), and Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (southern redcedar) are frequent associates in the southern part of the range. Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass) is a characteristic and usually abundant grass; other common herbaceous associates include Panicum virgatum (switchgrass), Distichlis spicata (inland saltgrass), Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos (crimsoneyed rosemallow), Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy), Teucrium canadense (Canada germander), Festuca rubra (red fescue), Limonium carolinianum (Carolina sealavender), Atriplex prostrata (triangle orache), Sabatia stellaris (rose of Plymouth), Sabatia dodecandra (marsh rose gentian), and in the north Hierochloe odorata (vanilla grass) and Juncus gerardii (saltmeadow rush), and in the south Setaria parviflora (marsh bristlegrass). This community often forms an abrupt transition from salt marsh to upland reflecting the relatively higher elevation and less frequent tidal flooding. Shrub cover in this situation tends to be fairly dense, and herbs are sparsely distributed. Storm-induced disturbance causes periodic die-back of the shrubs restricting the extent of their spread. Environmental Description: This maritime and estuarine shrubland of the northeastern seaboard states occurs in association with salt marshes. It forms an ecotone between high salt marsh and adjacent upland vegetation. This shrubland occurs above mean high tide but can be flooded by storm tides. Substrate is organic peat over glacial till, sand, or sandy loam. Vegetation Description: This tidal shrubland is dominated by Iva frutescens (Jesuit's bark) and Baccharis halimifolia (eastern baccharis). Other associated shrubs include Morella pensylvanica (northern bayberry) in the northern portion of the range, while Borrichia frutescens (bushy seaside tansy), Morella cerifera (wax myrtle), and Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (southern redcedar) are frequent associates in the southern part of the range. Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) is a characteristic and usually abundant grass; other common herbaceous associates include Distichlis spicata (inland saltgrass), Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos (crimsoneyed rosemallow), Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy), Teucrium canadense (Canada 280
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park germander), Festuca rubra (red fescue), Limonium carolinianum (Carolina sealavender), and in the south Setaria parviflora (marsh bristlegrass). This community often forms an abrupt transition from salt marsh to upland reflecting the relatively higher elevation and less frequent tidal flooding. Shrub cover in this situation tends to be fairly dense, and herbs are sparsely distributed. Most Abundant Species: Stratum Lifeform Species Short shrub/sapling Broad-leaved deciduous shrub Baccharis halimifolia (eastern baccharis), Iva frutescens (Jesuit's bark) Herb (field) Graminoid Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) Characteristic Species: Baccharis halimifolia (eastern baccharis), Iva frutescens (Jesuit's bark), Panicum virgatum (switchgrass). Other Noteworthy Species: Information not available. USFWS Wetland System: Estuarine. DISTRIBUTION Range: This association ranges from Massachusetts to South Carolina. States/Provinces: CT, DE, MA, MD:S5, NC, NJ, NY, RI, SC, VA. Federal Lands: NPS (Assateague Island, Cape Cod, Colonial, Fire Island); USFWS (Back Bay?, Chesapeake Marshlands, Chincoteague, Monomoy?, Parker River, Prime Hook). CONSERVATION STATUS Rank: G5 (1-Dec-1997). Reasons: Information not available. CLASSIFICATION INFORMATION Status: Standard. Confidence: 2 - Moderate. Comments: As shrub cover decreases, the community often grades into high salt marsh associations such as Panicum virgatum - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL006150) or Spartina patens (saltmeadow cordgrass)-dominated high marsh associations. Southern analogs of this salt marsh-upland border shrubland include Baccharis halimifolia - Iva frutescens - Morella cerifera - (Ilex vomitoria) Shrubland (CEGL003920) along the southern Atlantic Coast from the Carolinas to Florida west to Louisiana and Iva frutescens ssp. frutescens - Baccharis halimifolia / Spartina spartinae Shrubland (CEGL004616) along the Texas Gulf Coast. This community is differentiated from Morella cerifera - Baccharis halimifolia / Spartina patens Shrubland (CEGL003809) by the presence of Iva frutescens (Jesuit's bark) and by the influence of tidal flooding. Similar Associations: • Baccharis halimifolia - Iva frutescens - Morella cerifera - (Ilex vomitoria) Shrubland (CEGL003920). • Eleocharis rostellata - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL006611). • Iva frutescens / Spartina cynosuroides Tidal Shrubland (CEGL006847). • Iva frutescens / Spartina patens Shrubland (CEGL006848)--has lower species diveristy, occurs at the borders of high salt marsh and often intergrades with it; tidal flooding is more regular than in CEGL003921. • Iva frutescens ssp. frutescens - Baccharis halimifolia / Spartina spartinae Shrubland (CEGL004616). • Panicum virgatum - Spartina patens Herbaceous Vegetation (CEGL006150). Related Concepts: • Baccharis halimifolia - Iva frutescens / Panicum virgatum Herbaceous Vegetation (Harrison and Stango 2003) = • Baccharis halimifolia - Iva frutescens ssp. oraria / Spartina patens Shrubland (Bartgis 1986) = • Iva frutescens - Baccharis halimifolia / Spartina patens - Panicum virgatum Tidal Shrubland (VDNH 2003) = 281
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