Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park flats and along watercourses that are seasonally to semipermanently flooded. The organic horizon is of variable depth and overlies sandy or silt clay loam soils. This swamp has pronounced hummock-and-hollow microtopography. The tree canopy is closed to partially open and dominated by Acer rubrum (red maple) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash). Other canopy associates may include Nyssa sylvatica (blackgum), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Ulmus americana (American elm), Quercus lyrata (overcup oak), Quercus phellos (willow oak), Quercus lyrata (overcup oak), and Populus heterophylla (swamp cottonwood). The shrub layer includes Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush), Leucothoe racemosa (swamp doghobble), Ilex verticillata (common winterberry), Viburnum spp. (viburnums), and Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) saplings. The herb layer is characterized by Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail), Peltandra virginica (green arrow arum), Boehmeria cylindrica (smallspike false nettle), Triadenum walteri (greater marsh St. Johnswort), Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed), Pilea pumila (Canadian clearweed), Impatiens capensis (jewelweed), Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass), Leersia virginica (whitegrass), Glyceria striata (fowl mannagrass), Rumex verticillatus (swamp dock), Carex spp. (sedges), and Polygonum arifolium (halberdleaf tearthumb). Environmental Description: This swamp forest occurs in backswamps, watercourses, flats and depressions that are flooded for significant portions of the growing season. These areas receive some nutrient inputs from adjacent uplands or overland flooding and have soils that are moderately calcareous. The substrate is deep muck with a pronounced hummock-and-hollow microtopography. Vegetation Description: This forest type is characterized by a well-developed tree canopy codominated by Acer rubrum (red maple) and Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) in variable proportions. Other canopy associates may include Nyssa sylvatica (blackgum), Quercus phellos (willow oak), Quercus lyrata (overcup oak), Ulmus americana (American elm), and Populus heterophylla (swamp cottonwood). At the southern end of the range, Nyssa biflora (swamp tupelo) and Taxodium distichum (bald cypress) may be minor associates. The shrub layer is of variable cover but usually not dense. The most common species are Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush), Leucothoe racemosa (swamp doghobble), Vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry), Ilex verticillata (common winterberry), Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam), Rosa palustris (swamp rose), and Viburnum dentatum (southern arrowwood). Other shrub associates may include Rhododendron viscosum (swamp azalea), Cephalanthus occidentalis (common buttonbush), Alnus serrulata (hazel alder), and Cornus amomum (silky dogwood). The herb layer is diverse and generally characterized by abundant Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail), typically in hollows. Other associates are many and varied but generally include Peltandra virginica (green arrow arum), Impatiens capensis (jewelweed), Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed), Boehmeria cylindrica (smallspike false nettle), Glyceria spp. (mannagrasses), Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed), Bidens connata (purplestem beggarticks), Thelypteris palustris (eastern marsh fern), Onoclea sensibilis (sensitive fern), Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Carex stricta (upright sedge), Carex lurida (shallow sedge), Carex crinita (fringed sedge), Triadenum walteri (greater marsh St. Johnswort), Lobelia cardinalis (cardinalflower), Lycopus virginicus (Virginia water horehound), Pilea pumila (Canadian clearweed), Carex tribuloides (blunt broom sedge), Polygonum punctatum (dotted smartweed), Polygonum arifolium (halberdleaf tearthumb), Cicuta maculata (spotted water hemlock), Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass), Galium obtusum (bluntleaf bedstraw), and others. Vines may include Toxicodendron radicans (eastern poison ivy), Smilax rotundifolia (roundleaf greenbrier), Campsis radicans 240
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park (trumpet creeper), and Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper). Mosses are generally sparse to absent, except on logs and tree bases above the high-water line. Most Abundant Species: Stratum Lifeform Species Tree canopy Broad-leaved deciduous tree Acer rubrum (red maple), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) Herb (field) Forb Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail) Characteristic Species: Acer rubrum (red maple), Bidens connata (purplestem beggarticks), Boehmeria cylindrica (smallspike false nettle), Carex crinita (fringed sedge), Carex lurida (shallow sedge), Carex stricta (upright sedge), Carex tribuloides (blunt broom sedge), Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam), Cicuta maculata (spotted water hemlock), Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Galium obtusum (bluntleaf bedstraw), Ilex verticillata (common winterberry), Impatiens capensis (jewelweed), Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass), Leucothoe racemosa (swamp doghobble), Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush), Lobelia cardinalis (cardinalflower), Lycopus virginicus (Virginia water horehound), Onoclea sensibilis (sensitive fern), Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Peltandra virginica (green arrow arum), Pilea pumila (Canadian clearweed), Polygonum arifolium (halberdleaf tearthumb), Polygonum punctatum (dotted smartweed), Pontederia cordata (pickerelweed), Rosa palustris (swamp rose), Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail), Thelypteris palustris (eastern marsh fern), Triadenum walteri (greater marsh St. Johnswort), Vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry), Viburnum dentatum (southern arrowwood). Other Noteworthy Species: Information not available. USFWS Wetland System: Palustrine. DISTRIBUTION Range: This red maple - green ash swamp community occurs in the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay region and rarely in the adjacent Piedmont from New Jersey to central Virginia. States/Provinces: DE, MD, NJ, VA. Federal Lands: DOD (Fort Belvoir); NPS (Colonial, National Capital-East); USFWS (Chesapeake Marshlands, Great Swamp). CONSERVATION STATUS Rank: GNR (21-Mar-2000). Reasons: This association requires global ranking. CLASSIFICATION INFORMATION Status: Standard. Confidence: 1 - Strong. Comments: Classification is supported by analysis of a 1250-plot regional dataset compiled for the NCR and MAR national parks vegetation mapping projects. In that analysis, this association was represented by 23 Maryland and Virginia plots. Similar Associations: • Acer (rubrum, saccharinum) - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Ulmus americana / Boehmeria cylindrica Forest (CEGL006548). Related Concepts: • Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Acer rubrum / Cinna arundinacea - Saururus cernuus - Boehmeria cylindrica Forest (VDNH 2003) = 241
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Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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