Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park 13a Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) usually present and often abundant; substrate typically sandy; oaks include white oak (Quercus alba), black oak (Quercus velutina), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), or post oak (Quercus stellata); shrub layer characterized by wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) or swamp bay (Persea palustris); vines prevalent and often form part of shrub or tree strata. ............................................. Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine – Oak Forest 13b Forests on short slopes and flats often adjacent to salt marshes; chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) or white oak (Quercus alba) dominant; sand hickory (Carya pallida) often present; Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana) often in understory; herb layer very sparse, mostly graminoid with mosses and includes poverty oatgrass (Danthonia spicata), cypress panicgrass (Dichanthelium dichotomum), rattlesnakeweed (Hieracium venosum), and striped prince's pine (Chimaphila maculata). .................................... Acidic Oak – Hickory Forest 14a Herbaceous layer sparse to absent; or may be dominated by Nepalese browntop (Microstegium vimineum); canopy dominated by American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), white oak (Quercus alba), or tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) without calciphilic species such as southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum), eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis var. canadensis), and chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii); Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and partridgeberry (Mitchella repens) are characteristic. ................................................................................. Mesic Mixed Hardwood Forest 14b Herbaceous and shrub cover moderate to very dense, tree species can include southern sugar maple (Acer barbatum), redbud (Cercis canadensis), common hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii); lush herb layer characterized by patch-dominance of clonal forbs and ferns and with species indicative of rich conditions; includes species such as Jack in the pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), roundlobe hepatica (Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa), northern maidenhair (Adiantum pedatum) [note: some herbs may not be evident late in the growing season]; shrub species can include northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and pawpaw (Asimina triloba); often a forest of ravine slopes cutting into shell deposits. .......................... Coastal Plain Mesic Calcareous Ravine Forest 15a Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) abundant. ............................................................................................ 16 15b Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) absent or of low cover. ....................................................................... 18 16a Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in dense, even-aged stands, or in obvious rows; virtually no other trees present, with shrub and herbaceous layers essentially lacking. ..................................................................................... Loblolly Pine Plantation 16b Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) mixed with other tree species (although loblolly pine may be dominant); shrub layer present. ..................................................................... 17 17a Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growing in association with oaks; shrub layer comprised of wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) or swamp bay (Persea palustris). ....................................................................... Coastal Plain Loblolly Pine – Oak Forest 17b Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) growing in association with tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) and / or sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); shrub layer comprised of northern spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and pawpaw (Asimina triloba). ..................................... Successional Tuliptree – Loblolly Pine Forest 362
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park 18a Open forest characterized by abundant black walnut (Juglans nigra); shrub layer poorly developed, and lawn-like herbaceous layer with weedy or exotic grasses. ............................................................ Successional Black Walnut Forest 18b Closed forest, tall shrub thicket, or vine-dominated vegetation. ..................................................... 19 19a Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) dominated vegetation occurring as young even-aged forest stands or tall shrublands; often occurring adjacent to cultural meadows. .......................................................... Successional Sweetgum Forest 19b Dense thicket of tall shrubs or vines, or combination of both; bordering roads and meadows; can include the native species frost grape (Vitis vulpina), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and blackberries (Rubus spp.) as well as the nonnative species Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), and princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa). ...................................................... Successional Mixed Scrub 20a Forest strongly dominated by tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima); taller, emergent loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) may be present or even abundant. ................................................................................ Successional Tree-of-Heaven Forest 20b Vegetation shrubby, forming a more or less, single height stratum. ............................................... 21 21a Golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) strongly dominant. ................. Golden Bamboo Shrubland 21b Shrubland a mixture of species, including Chinese wisteria (Wisteria sinensis), tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima), princesstree (Paulownia tomentosa), and others. ........................................................................... Successional Mixed Scrub 22a Woody vegetation tidally flooded; wetlands along rivers that are influenced by marine tides. ............................................................................................................................... 23 22b Woody vegetation of non-tidal wetlands not influenced by tidal flooding; includes non-tidal portion of larger rivers or areas that may have formerly been tidal but are now cut off from regular tidal waters. ................................................................ 25 23a Vegetation dominated by shrubs. .................................................................................................... 24 23b Vegetation dominated by trees; tidal forest or woodland dominated by bald cypress. ............................................................................... Tidal Bald Cypress Forest / Woodland 24a Mucky, very wet shrubland adjacent to tidal marsh and in tidally flooded ravine bottoms; wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) dominant; halophytes such as saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens), inland saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia), and Jesuit's bark (Iva frutescens) absent; narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) often present. .............................................. Tidal Shrub Swamp (Wax Myrtle Type) 24b Adjacent to active river channel; dominated by eastern baccharis (Baccharis halimifolia) and Jesuit's bark (Iva frutescens), sometimes mixed with wax myrtle (Morella cerifera) ); other halophytic species often present; narrowleaf cattail (Typha angustifolia) absent. .......................................... Salt Scrub 25a Semipermanently flooded vegetation with surface water present throughout most of the growing season; vegetation may be disturbed, with standing dead trees or with shrubby structure. .............................................................................................. 26 25b Forested wetland with saturated, seasonally flooded, or temporarily flooded hydrology. ....................................................................................................................................... 27 363
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Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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