Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Local Range: This association is mapped as five polygons in Yorktown Battlefield. Classification Comments: This community is distinguished by occurring as small, isolated wetlands in an otherwise upland landscape. Coastal Plain Depression Wetland (Red Maple - Sweetgum - Willow Oak Type) has a shorter hydroperiod (less deeply flooded) than the other association in the map class Coastal Plain Depression Wetland (Swamp Tupelo Type). Other Comments: Information not available. Local Description Authors: K. D. Patterson. Plots: COLO.7. Colonial National Historical Park Inventory Notes: Information not available. GLOBAL INFORMATION USNVC CLASSIFICATION Physiognomic Class Forest (I) Physiognomic Subclass Deciduous forest (I.B.) Physiognomic Group Cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.) Physiognomic Subgroup Natural/Semi-natural cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.N.) Formation Seasonally flooded cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.N.e.) Alliance Liquidambar styraciflua - (Acer rubrum) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.321) Alliance (English name) Sweetgum - (Red Maple) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance Association Liquidambar styraciflua - Acer rubrum - Quercus phellos / Leucothoe racemosa Forest Association (English name) Sweetgum - Red Maple - Willow Oak / Swamp Doghobble Forest Ecological System(s): Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Basin Swamp and Wet Hardwood Forest (CES203.520). Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Pondshore (CES203.518). GLOBAL DESCRIPTION Concept Summary: This association is a seasonally flooded forest of shallow basins and other depressions of the Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay region. The substrate is characterized by mineral soils, generally acidic, gleyed to mottled, sandy or clay loams. Characteristic tree species include Acer rubrum (red maple), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), and Nyssa sylvatica (blackgum), which are nearly constant in the canopy. Associates include Ilex opaca var. opaca (American holly), Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay), Nyssa biflora (swamp tupelo), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), Quercus palustris (pin oak), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and Quercus phellos (willow oak), and occasionally Quercus falcata (southern red oak), Quercus lyrata (overcup oak), or Betula nigra (river birch). The shrub layer is characterized by Leucothoe racemosa (swamp doghobble), Vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry), Clethra alnifolia (coastal sweetpepperbush), Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush), Ilex verticillata (common winterberry), and Rhododendron viscosum (swamp azalea). Smilax rotundifolia (roundleaf greenbrier) is a particularly characteristic vine. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse but may include Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), Osmunda cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), Chasmanthium laxum (slender woodoats), Woodwardia areolata (netted chainfern), Onoclea sensibilis (sensitive fern), Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Carex albolutescens (greenwhite sedge), Carex debilis var. debilis (white edge sedge), Scirpus cyperinus (woolgrass), Juncus effusus (common rush), and Polygonum spp. (knotweeds). Carex joorii (cypress swamp sedge) is inconstant but locally abundant in some stands in the southern part of the range. Environmental Description: This type occurs in seasonally flooded shallow basins or depressions. Substrates are acidic, gleyed to mottled, sandy or clay loams. Sites are commonly 248
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park flooded by perched groundwater to depths up to about 50 cm during the winter and early part of the growing season, but commonly are drawn down by late summer. Soils collected from 12 Virginia plot samples were extremely acidic (mean pH = 4.1) with very low cation levels and total base saturation. Vegetation Description: Characteristic tree species include Acer rubrum (red maple), Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), and Nyssa sylvatica (blackgum), which are nearly constant in the canopy. Quercus phellos (willow oak) is an important associate or codominant in many stands. Other associates include Ilex opaca var. opaca (American holly), Magnolia virginiana (sweetbay), Nyssa biflora (swamp tupelo), Sassafras albidum (sassafras), Quercus palustris (pin oak), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and occasionally Quercus falcata (southern red oak), Quercus lyrata (overcup oak), or Betula nigra (river birch). The shrub layer is characterized by Leucothoe racemosa (swamp doghobble), Vaccinium corymbosum (highbush blueberry), Vaccinium fuscatum (black highbush blueberry), Vaccinium formosum (southern blueberry), Clethra alnifolia (coastal sweetpepperbush), Lindera benzoin (northern spicebush), Ilex verticillata (common winterberry), and Rhododendron viscosum (swamp azalea). Smilax rotundifolia (roundleaf greenbrier) is a particularly characteristic vine, often forming dense tangles among the shrubs. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse but may include Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), Osmunda cinnamomea (cinnamon fern), Chasmanthium laxum (slender woodoats), Woodwardia areolata (netted chainfern), Onoclea sensibilis (sensitive fern), Osmunda regalis (royal fern), Carex albolutescens (greenwhite sedge), Carex debilis var. debilis (white edge sedge), Scirpus cyperinus (woolgrass), Juncus effusus (common rush), and Polygonum spp. (knotweeds). Carex joorii (cypress swamp sedge) is inconstant but locally abundant in some stands in the southern part of the range. Most Abundant Species: Information not available. Characteristic Species: Information not available. Other Noteworthy Species: Information not available. USFWS Wetland System: Palustrine. DISTRIBUTION Range: This association is a seasonally flooded forest of shallow basins and depressions in the Chesapeake Bay region. It is primarily associated with the Coastal Plain but occurs locally in gentle, highly acidic terrain of the eastern Piedmont in central and southern Virginia. States/Provinces: DE, MD, NJ:S3, NY:S1S2, PA, VA. Federal Lands: DOD (Fort Belvoir, Yorktown); NPS (Colonial, Fredericksburg-Spotsylvania, National Capital-East, Thomas Stone); USFWS (Chesapeake Marshlands, Prime Hook). CONSERVATION STATUS Rank: G4G5 (31-Jan-2007). Reasons: Information not available. 249
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