Vegetation Classification and Mapping Project Report - USGS

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USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park COMMON NAME (PARK-SPECIFIC): COASTAL PLAIN / PIEDMONT FLOODPLAIN SWAMP FOREST (GREEN ASH - RED MAPLE TYPE) SYNONYMS USNVC English Name: Red Maple - Green Ash / Lizard's-tail Forest USNVC Scientific Name: Acer rubrum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Saururus cernuus Forest USNVC Identifier: CEGL006606 LOCAL INFORMATION Environmental Description: Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) occurs on poorly drained areas along small streams and in backswamps along the outer edges of large floodplains.. These bottomlands have pronounced seasonal flooding and hummock-and-hollow microtopography. Vegetation Description: These broad-leaved deciduous forests are dominated by various combinations or pure stands of Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and/or Acer rubrum (red maple). Other inconstant, low-frequency canopy trees may include Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum), Quercus michauxii (swamp chestnut oak), Pinus taeda (loblolly pine), and Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore). Shrub and understory strata can be sparse or moderately dense with species varying from site to site. Typical shrub layer species may include Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and Cornus foemina (stiff dogwood). Herbaceous composition varies with microhabitats. Hummocks usually support Boehmeria cylindrica (smallspike false nettle), Chasmanthium laxum (slender woodoats), Cinna arundinacea (sweet woodreed), Pilea pumila (Canadian clearweed), Glyceria striata (fowl mannagrass), Impatiens capensis (jewelweed), and many Carex spp. (sedges) like Carex crinita (fringed sedge), Carex gracillima (graceful sedge), Carex granularis (limestone meadow sedge), Carex intumescens (greater bladder sedge), Carex laevivaginata (smoothsheath sedge), Carex lupulina (hop sedge), Carex lurida (shallow sedge), Carex oxylepis (sharpscale sedge), Carex stipata (owlfruit sedge), Carex styloflexa (bent sedge), and Carex tribuloides (blunt broom sedge). Hollows are usually dominated by Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail), with associates such as Peltandra virginica (green arrow arum), Rumex verticillatus (swamp dock), Triadenum walteri (greater marsh St. Johnswort), and in more disturbed areas, Juncus effusus (common rush) and Mikania scandens (climbing hempvine). Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) occurs on poorly drained areas along small streams, but some areas mapped may be cut off from former natural flooding regimes due to the presence of roads, ditching, or beaver activities. Disturbed stands of Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) may have mostly coppice regeneration and little herb cover other than Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) and Microstegium vimineum (Nepalese browntop), which occur on hummocks. Most Abundant Species: Stratum Lifeform Species Tree canopy Broad-leaved deciduous tree Acer rubrum (red maple), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) Herb (field) Forb Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail) 238
USGS-NPS Vegetation Mapping Program Colonial National Historical Park Characteristic Species: Acer rubrum (red maple), Carex tribuloides (blunt broom sedge), Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Leersia oryzoides (rice cutgrass), Saururus cernuus (lizard's tail). Other Noteworthy Species: Information not available. Subnational Distribution with Crosswalk Data: State SRank Rel Conf SName Reference VA SNR* B 1 Coastal Plain / Piedmont Swamp Forest Fleming et al. 2006 Local Range: Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) is mapped as one polygon in Yorktown Battlefield where it occurs along Beaverdam Creek and covers 30.9 hectares (76.4 acres). Classification Comments: Coastal Plain / Piedmont Floodplain Swamp (Green Ash – Red Maple Type) is distinguished from other wetland forests by being seasonally flooded with deep muck and standing water prevalent and with canopies dominated by Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash) and/or Acer rubrum (red maple), and by occurring on the outer edges of large floodplains rather than in narrow ravine bottoms or as isolated wetlands. Some disturbed stands of Non-Riverine Saturated Forest may be similar to this mapping unit but are distinguished by the non-riverine landscape position (on terraces well away from current or historic river channels) and by the greater frequency of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum). Other Comments: The delineation of the boundary between this association and Coastal Plain / Piedmont Small-Stream Floodplain Forest is somewhat arbitrary. On the ground the transitions (ecotones) between the two associations may be quite broad, with hydrology and species composition changing gradually over a distance. These ecotonal areas may be transitional in species composition and concept. Areas heavily impacted by beavers may be transitional in concept to Semipermanent Impoundment Local Description Authors: K. D. Patterson. Plots: COLO.12, COLO.17. Colonial National Historical Park Inventory Notes: Information not available. GLOBAL INFORMATION USNVC CLASSIFICATION Physiognomic Class Forest (I) Physiognomic Subclass Deciduous forest (I.B.) Physiognomic Group Cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.) Physiognomic Subgroup Natural/Semi-natural cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.N.) Formation Seasonally flooded cold-deciduous forest (I.B.2.N.e.) Alliance Acer rubrum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance (A.316) Alliance (English name) Red Maple - Green Ash Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance Association Acer rubrum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Saururus cernuus Forest Association (English name) Red Maple - Green Ash / Lizard's-tail Forest Ecological System(s): Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Basin Swamp and Wet Hardwood Forest (CES203.520). Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain Stream and River (CES203.070). GLOBAL DESCRIPTION Concept Summary: This red maple swamp community of the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain of the Chesapeake Bay and Piedmont regions occurs on poorly drained to very poorly drained soils on 239
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