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object and is used without a count word (like ‘minute’) or a<br />classifier:<br />biru futats, onegai shimas<br />two beers, please<br />If you use the two sets of numbers in the way described<br />above, this will be acceptable, but a further method of<br />counting, using a counting word known as a classifier, is<br />more commonly used. Classifiers equate roughly to English<br />words like ‘glassful’,‘cupful’,‘bottle of’,‘sheets of’ etc. Nouns<br />or groups of nouns in Japanese have specific classifiers which<br />are used when they are counted or quantified.<br />The most common classifiers are:<br />-dai machines, cars, bikes, stereos<br />-hai glassfuls, cupfuls<br />-hiki animals<br />-hon pens, cigarettes, other cylindrical objects<br />-ko fruit, cakes, eggs and small chunky objects<br />-mai pieces of paper, tickets, other things that are thin<br />and flat<br />-nin people<br />-sats books<br />-tsu letters<br />kuruma ni-dai kip·p o sam-mai, kudasai<br />[‘car two’ + classifier] [‘ticket’ + ob. part. + ‘three’ + classifier + ‘please’]<br />two cars three tickets, please<br />Nihon·go no hon o go-satsu kaimashita<br />[‘Japanese of book’ + ob. part. + ‘five’ + classifier + ‘bought’]<br />I bought five Japanese books<br />majan wa yo-nin de shimasu<br />[‘mahjong’ + sub. part. + ‘four’ + classifier + ‘by do’]<br />mahjong is played by four people<br />There is only one set of numbers above ten. See pages 292-<br />293.<br />HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS<br />■ Counting<br />287
HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS<br />■ Dates<br />288<br />Dates<br />The word order for dates is:<br />year – month – day<br />There are two common ways of counting years in Japanese.<br />The Western system is used thus:<br />sen-kyu-hyaku-kyu-ju-hachi-nen ni-sen-ichi-nen<br />[thousand-nine-hundreds-nine-tens-eight-year] [two-thousand-one-year]<br />1998 2001<br />There is also a traditional system of counting from the first<br />year of the current emperor’s reign. The Heisei period (of<br />Emperor Akihito) began in 1989:<br />Heisei ni-nen Heisei ju-nen<br />[Heisei two year] [Heisei ten year]<br />second year of Heisei (1990) tenth year of Heisei (1998)<br />Kugatsu tsuitachi Junigatsu futsuka<br />[nine-month (September) first] [twelve-month (December) second]<br />the first of September the second of December<br />ni-sen-ichi-nen Gogatsu san-ju-nichi<br />[two-thousand-one-year five-month (May) thirtieth]<br />the thirtieth of May 2001<br />Heisei ju-nen Rokgats ni-ju san-ichi<br />[Heise-ten-year six-month (June) twenty-third]<br />the twenty-third of June 1998<br />Dates are formed using the versions of the ordinal numbers<br />below:<br />1st tsuitachi )*<br />2nd futska +,<br />3rd mik·ka -.<br />4th yok·ka /0
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t h e R o u g h g u i d e japa
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contents Introduction 5 B
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Basic Phrases
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no, thank you ie kek·ko desu<
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1. Accommodation is there an i
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3. Booking a room shower shaw
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5. Communications ADSL modem A
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7. Emergencies accident j
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9. Health I’m not feeling ve
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11. Meeting people hello 
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13. Restaurants bill kanjō ga
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15. Sightseeing art gallery bi
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English ➜ Japanese
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English ➜ Japanese ABCDEFGHI
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Japanese ➜ English
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A abek·ku lovers, a couple byoki (n
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dochira which; who dochira dem
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Getsuyobi Monday gezai laxativ
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(instrument) hikinobashi enlar
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isha doctor ishi stone, rockKankoku South Ko
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kisu kiss kishibe shore (of la
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(money) kyaku customer ky
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modot·te ikimasu to go back m
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nishukan fortnight ni-to secon
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osugimasu that is too much osu
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kins/towels seishiki (na) form
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shomeisho certificate shonin w
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tansha moped taoru flannel; to
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ue ni up ugokashimasu to move<
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Z zabuton floor cushion z
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Japanese ➜ English: Signs and Not
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Menu Reader: Food
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Page 242 and 243: Menu Reader: Food 240 Bee
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Page 246 and 247: Menu Reader: Food 244 tam
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Page 259 and 260: Contents Essential Terms . . .
Page 261 and 262: Beer, Spirits, Wine etc 
Page 264: How the Language Works
Page 267 and 268: HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS ■ Gen
Page 269 and 270: HOW THE LANGUAGE WORKS ■ Pro
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