Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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(en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resolution). Peace-building. According to Juma (2008) peace building refers to the efforts and interventions aimed at overcoming the root causes of conflict. Peace building is about the attempts to overcome the structural, relational and cultural contradictions which lie at the root of conflict in order to underpin the processes of peacemaking and peacekeeping. In theoretical terms peace building is a combination of the fields of development studies and conflict resolution. Causes of African conflicts Africa is a vast and varied continent with different countries having equally different histories and geographic conditions, different stages of economic development and also different patterns of internal and international interaction. The sources of conflict in Africa also reflect this diversity and level of sophistication. Sources of conflict are at times purely internal, while some reflect the dynamics of a particular sub region and some have vital international dimensions. Despite the variations the sources of conflict in Africa are linked by a number of common themes and experiences. Historical legacies such as the portioning of Africa in 1885 at the Berlin conference resulted in certain states and kingdoms being arbitrarily divided and by the same manner unrelated areas and people were arbitrarily joined together. The newly independent states inherited these poorly designed boundaries created in the colonial period. The problem was further compounded by the fact that the framework of colonial laws and institutions which the new African states inherited had been designed to exploit local divisions and not to overcome them. The era of serious conflict over state boundaries in Africa has largely passed, aided by the 1963 decision of the OAU to accept boundaries which African states inherited from colonial authorities. However the challenge of forging a genuine national identity from among disparate and often competing communities has remained. There has been a growing concern amongst Africans themselves 101
to see the causes of conflict as going beyond the results of their colonial past and to look at themselves as the ones to blame for the conflicts that bedevil the continent. The nature of political power in many African states, together with the perceived consequences of capturing and maintaining power is a key source of conflict across the continent. The political scenario in which the winner takes all approach with regards to wealth, resources, patronage and the prestige and prerogative of office has been a major source of conflict. Such a scenario has cultivated a culture of corruption, unequal distribution of resources and very often a flawed electoral system. Thus where there is limited accountability, lack of checks and balances, non adherence to the rule of law, absence of peaceful means to change or replace leadership, political control becomes important and the stakes become dangerously high making conflict in most cases inevitable. For instance the ongoing conflict in the Ivory Coast was triggered by an electoral dispute which resulted in a civil war. Pockets of violence as a result of electoral disputes are all too common in Africa as there is absence of clear means of change of leadership because of a flawed electoral process. When the state is the major provider of employment as is often the case in Africa and political parties are often based on tribal and ethnic lines, multi ethnic conflicts are more likely to erupt resulting in a violent politicisation of ethnicity (Juma, 2008). During the cold war external efforts to bolster or undermine African governments were a familiar feature of super powers' constant fight for neo-colonial hegemony. With the end of the cold war such external intervention has receded but has not completely disappeared. In the competition for oil, mineral resources such as diamonds, gold and other resources in Africa, interests external to Africa continue to play a large and at times decisive role, both in suppressing conflict and in sustaining it. The recent uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia are believed to have been caused by third forces though this remains largely a theory which is difficult to prove. NGOs are also perceived to be agents of external forces in some conflict situations, a claim which may not be wholly dismissed as there are some cases where intelligence operatives have been proven to be working undercover for some 102
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Contents Introduction: The primacy
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its work on community, with special
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in Africa. The paper highlights the
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1 Women's access to microfinance an
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all household members, especially i
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family well-being are often higher
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“[b]y plugging the gap left by th
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As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
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analysis will also be as much infor
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not about bemoaning the limited acc
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approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
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d) Indicators of the social and eco
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Illiteracy creates a situation of d
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Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
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Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
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(Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
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percentages to the gross domestic p
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some trees were not supposed to be
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formulation will ensure their total
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the commons'. The concept of commun
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esources in these government estate
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management in Botswana and Namibia:
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Introduction This article seeks to
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esearchers come to study with backg
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the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57 and 58: The chief's personality This influe
Page 59 and 60: process of reporting a case is too
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70: this also served to promote food se
Page 71 and 72: development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92: education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94: esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96: affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98: esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100: years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102: Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104: 6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105: that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 109 and 110: which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112: communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114: The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116: conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118: in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120: Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122: Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124: Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 125 and 126: Government or private agencies. Thi
Page 127 and 128: credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130: control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132: implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134: the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136: eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138: they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140: the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142: farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144: 8 Community-driven conflict resolut
Page 145 and 146: approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148: their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150: well as centre-periphery thesis whi
Page 151 and 152: justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154: marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156: summarized and simplified versions
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In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
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Although the use of carrot and stic
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abunzi and the formal system beckon
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Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
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Conclusion All through the papers,
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About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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