Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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foreign money who are willing to provide these services. Thus the dependency syndrome culture is cultivated which is a potential source of conflict in future. In most African states donor funding flowed through NGOs soon after independence and this was in support of basic services such as health and water and sanitation. Failure in these basic services after NGO funding is withdrawn usually after the thawing of relations between the home governments of INGOs and the governments of African states causes conflicts between the African government and its restless citizens. Indirectly these actions of NGOs trigger conflicts in some states though however unintended. Another aspect of INGO activities that can be manipulated is aid to displaced persons, such as refugees. Terry (2002) discusses the paradoxes of the humanitarian refugee situations. The first paradox is that of protection—that refugee camps are often not fully de-militarised and thus become targets for violent action. Humanitarian aid can also be manipulated by factions to bestow legitimacy on their cause and to control the local population. Refugee camps can also involuntarily feed into the war economy by creating a space for other groups to make a profit out of the displaced persons or through providing services and resources to the groups providing aid. These groups have little incentive to see the conflict end because it will dry up their own source of revenue. Manipulation is a huge problem for several reasons. It can add to the incentives surrounding the conflict and inadvertently perpetuate the conflict, and it can also jeopardise the organisation's central missions through a loss of neutrality. Rieff (2002) also pointed out the dangers of humanitarian aid and how numerous large, international aid agencies are succumbing to the dilemmas of aid and forsaking their neutrality and independence by lobbying governments and the UN to take action on human rights issues. This jeopardises these organisations' free access to all victims because they are no longer seen as neutral participators, and it also opens them up to be manipulated by world leaders and governments to serve their own political purposes. Even more alarming is that some NGOs are becoming more and more politicised stifling the role they can play 111
in resolving conflict and peace building or even hampering their humanitarian activities as a result. In Sudan, NGOs with clear political agendas have been proliferating and that can hinder conflict resolution and entangle the NGOs in the conflict (Riehl, 2001). NGOs have strong incentives to get involved politically because the political situation affects their ability to make headway with conflict resolution. Although giving aid appears to be a benign and benevolent activity, this aid can inadvertently perpetuate patterns of conflict. Anderson (1999) argues that international humanitarian aid can negatively affect conflict in two main ways—it can either feed into tensions between groups or it can weaken existing connections between the groups. An example of this would be targeting the aid to a particular group of people—ethnic, religious, or some other group. If this group receives aid and another group with whom they have tensions doesn't receive aid, it can serve to reinforce those divisions. Anderson thus advocates that humanitarian aid needs to be given in a thoughtful way, including an analysis of the causes of the conflict and how existing institutions and norms either feed into the conflict or serve to mitigate it. NGOs need to be careful that any resulting aid will strengthen local capacities for peace and not serve to strength existing tensions and divisions. INGOs are the largest source of controversy when it comes to NGO involvement in conflict resolution. The other types of NGOs involved are much more limited in their reach and roles, and thus they do not have as big a problem with jeopardising their core missions through political involvement. The most dangerous thing for NGOs is when they try to engage in both hand-on and hands-off methods of dealing with conflict resolutions. For example, trying to combine relief and advocacy can lead to jeopardising the neutrality that is so vital in relief work. Even combining policy work and empowerment/transformation activities can be difficult because then NGOs might be looked on as taking sides as well. There is definitely a need to re-look and probe into the proper relationship between NGO advocacy and NGO relief and services work to establish how a balance can be 112
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Contents Introduction: The primacy
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its work on community, with special
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in Africa. The paper highlights the
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1 Women's access to microfinance an
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all household members, especially i
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family well-being are often higher
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“[b]y plugging the gap left by th
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As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
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analysis will also be as much infor
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not about bemoaning the limited acc
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approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
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d) Indicators of the social and eco
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Illiteracy creates a situation of d
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Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
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Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
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(Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
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percentages to the gross domestic p
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some trees were not supposed to be
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formulation will ensure their total
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the commons'. The concept of commun
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esources in these government estate
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management in Botswana and Namibia:
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Introduction This article seeks to
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esearchers come to study with backg
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the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
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case the chief's court sought the t
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The chief's personality This influe
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process of reporting a case is too
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and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64:
Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70: this also served to promote food se
Page 71 and 72: development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92: education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94: esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96: affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98: esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100: years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102: Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104: 6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106: that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108: to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110: which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112: communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114: The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115: conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 119 and 120: Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122: Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124: Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 125 and 126: Government or private agencies. Thi
Page 127 and 128: credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130: control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132: implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134: the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136: eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138: they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140: the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142: farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144: 8 Community-driven conflict resolut
Page 145 and 146: approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148: their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150: well as centre-periphery thesis whi
Page 151 and 152: justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154: marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156: summarized and simplified versions
Page 157 and 158: In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
Page 159 and 160: Although the use of carrot and stic
Page 161 and 162: abunzi and the formal system beckon
Page 163 and 164: Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
Page 165 and 166: Conclusion All through the papers,
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About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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