Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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of ukulagisa became a thorny issue as it was a perennial source of conflict between surrounding livestock owners and the local authority. It is therefore instructive for project designers to thoroughly analyse the project cycle for sources of possible negative impact to both the project and the beneficiaries. Also communities need to be thoroughly prepared to embrace changes that are going to occur in their lifestyles as a result of the project. This should not only involve taking host communities through a change management training exercise but also a full disclosure of the potential positives and negatives of the project to their lives so that informed consent for the project is obtained. Community compliance or community participation? The cornerstone of community-based development initiatives is the active involvement of members of a defined community in at least some aspects of project design and implementation (Mansuri and Rao, 2004). CBRNM projects are usually conceived outside host communities and sold to these communities through ill prepared and ill administered participatory techniques. This is why these projects have high sounding acronyms such as WINDFALL, CAMPFIRE and LIFE (Living in a finite environment), clear products of academic minds outside host communities. Communities are only brought in to legitimize an already conceived and funded project with project facilitators shaping and directing participatory exercises and community “needs” are often shaped by perceptions of what the project can deliver and thus outside agendas get expressed as local knowledge (Mansuri and Rao, 2004). Some ethnic groups such as the Tonga have been sidelined in much of the decision-making processes of CBRNM projects, even though they are often the original inhabitants of these remote areas (Frost and Bond, 2007). Host communities need to be afforded a chance for real participation where they are fully informed of the objectives of the project and they make inputs into the formulation and conceptualization of the project not just pseudo participation designed to fulfil donor requirements and a way of leading communities into a finished product. Giving host communities a voice during project 35
formulation will ensure their total buy in and commitment towards the success of the project. They will become full participants in the project and they will willingly police and enforce agreed rules and regulations. Community compliance will thus be achieved through community participation and cooperation not forceful enforcement of by-laws. Trained game scouts or rangers will then be used to compliment and augment traditional community enforcement machinery. Community members need to participate in (for example) quota setting, anti poaching, anti trespassing and anti vandalism campaigns. Invariably poachers are members of the community and hence only fellow community members know them better and how to deal with them. Devolution of authority or responsibility? One of the main constraints of the CAMPFIRE programme is the unwillingness by district councils to devolve authority to host communities to manage their own natural resources, preferring instead to devolve logistical responsibilities of day to day functions with no real decision making (IIED report, 1994, Jones, 1999). This centralization of authority around district councils has also resulted in some councils failing to remit in full and on time revenue realized from natural resource utilisation to the host communities. This has had a demoralizing and paralyzing effect to the communities who rightfully feel short-changed by the appropriate authorities. A top-down approach to the management of natural resources should be limited as this tends to make the programme insensitive to the priorities of the community and predisposed to a militaristic use of uniformed paramilitary guards with negligent regard for the community aspirations. However caution needs to be exercised when devolving authority to the host communities as absolute devolution may result in the politically powerful and local elites individualizing a communal project. Spreading the benefits Host communities endure social and economic costs of conserving natural resources within their localities and hence it is only reasonable that they should enjoy the benefits of suffering. 36
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable peace and development a
Page 3 and 4: Sustainable peace and development a
Page 5 and 6: Contents Introduction: The primacy
Page 7 and 8: its work on community, with special
Page 9 and 10: in Africa. The paper highlights the
Page 11 and 12: 1 Women's access to microfinance an
Page 13 and 14: all household members, especially i
Page 15 and 16: family well-being are often higher
Page 17 and 18: “[b]y plugging the gap left by th
Page 19 and 20: As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
Page 21 and 22: analysis will also be as much infor
Page 23 and 24: not about bemoaning the limited acc
Page 25 and 26: approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
Page 27 and 28: d) Indicators of the social and eco
Page 29 and 30: Illiteracy creates a situation of d
Page 31 and 32: Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
Page 33 and 34: Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
Page 35 and 36: (Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
Page 37 and 38: percentages to the gross domestic p
Page 39: some trees were not supposed to be
Page 43 and 44: the commons'. The concept of commun
Page 45 and 46: esources in these government estate
Page 47 and 48: management in Botswana and Namibia:
Page 49 and 50: Introduction This article seeks to
Page 51 and 52: esearchers come to study with backg
Page 53 and 54: the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57 and 58: The chief's personality This influe
Page 59 and 60: process of reporting a case is too
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70: this also served to promote food se
Page 71 and 72: development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92:
education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94:
esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96:
affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98:
esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100:
years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102:
Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104:
6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106:
that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108:
to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110:
which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112:
communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114:
The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116:
conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118:
in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120:
Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122:
Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124:
Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 125 and 126:
Government or private agencies. Thi
Page 127 and 128:
credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130:
control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132:
implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134:
the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136:
eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138:
they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140:
the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142:
farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144:
8 Community-driven conflict resolut
Page 145 and 146:
approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148:
their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150:
well as centre-periphery thesis whi
Page 151 and 152:
justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154:
marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156:
summarized and simplified versions
Page 157 and 158:
In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
Page 159 and 160:
Although the use of carrot and stic
Page 161 and 162:
abunzi and the formal system beckon
Page 163 and 164:
Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
Page 165 and 166:
Conclusion All through the papers,
Page 167 and 168:
About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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