Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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parties are encouraged to forgive each other despite the penalties imposed since they belong to the same community or family. Emotional responses that a case may elicit at times have enormous influence on the sentences imposed. The example of wife beating cited in this research serves as testimony to this. Husbands who were reported by their wives on charges of wife beating walked away with warnings because the traditional court system respects the fabric tying husbands to their wives. Giving stiffer punishments, it has been noted, would result in hostilities in the families. Gender This research has unearthed that female offenders are given lighter sentences if their offences are not spiritual cases such as witchcraft and murder. Male offenders in cases like theft were slapped with stiffer punishment as compared to their female counterparts. The explanation given was that females are a weaker and protected sex of the Shona tradition just like children. Men on the other hand, were expected to fend for their families rather than resort to unorthodox means of acquiring things. Gravity of the offence In Shona tradition, life is valued more than anything else. Anyone who takes another person's life is regarded as an outcast. In this regard, people who commit crimes against humanity like murder, or any crime that disturbs the existence of fellow community members are given stiffer punishment. Cases like burning of someone's granary, house, grass meant for cattle grazing and incest are examples of some cases that attract stiffer penalties. The logic behind this is that these crimes are rated as violating the concept of unhu. Challenges and limitations of the traditional process of conflict transformation The institution of traditional authorities in Zimbabwe is a recognized institution that operates within set parameters and guidelines. Despite these guiding principles there are several limitations and challenges to the traditional process of conflict transformation. Gwaravanda (2011) noted that the traditional 53
process of reporting a case is too bureaucratic and the process to assess a case is too winding resulting in long winding court sessions. Another challenge is that the concept of unhu on which the traditional court system is heavily inclined is not standard in every individual presiding either as a chief or an elder. There are some chiefs whose unhu (personality) is as bad as criminals themselves whose integrity and credibility has been eroded by their bad behaviour. The selection of the chief's advisors on the basis of eloquence of speech and intelligence is not a convincing instrument, because being eloquent does not mean one is knowledgeable about the court procedures. The other challenge is that the court session may pass a sentence basing on mistakes which may arise due to failure to understand a case, false accusation, irrelevant conclusions and/or generalizations (Gwaravanda, 2011). An example of a person who loses a case against an adulterous wife due to lack of evidence and eye witnesses can best explain this limitation. Less experienced panellists may be confused by the eloquence of the offender in an attempt to avoid punishment. At times clarity and soundness of argument are undermined by the less experienced panellists. The traditional court system has no mechanism to follow up on those criminals who boycott traditional courts; as a result, many offenders go freely without being tried. The chief's messengers who are expected to make a follow up on those who boycott the traditional court are sometimes ineffective because they lack mechanisms to enforce their commands. They may fail to locate a criminal who would have gone to another town because of the financial expenses that are involved in making such follow ups. Chief Mazano pointed out that tradition is being eroded by diffusion of culture. The present generation has since stopped valuing their culture because they consider it archaic and backward. Formal courts are more preferable to the younger generation than traditional courts. This research has uncovered a rift between the aspect of Unhuism /Ubuntuism that culture 54
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Contents Introduction: The primacy
Page 7 and 8: its work on community, with special
Page 9 and 10: in Africa. The paper highlights the
Page 11 and 12: 1 Women's access to microfinance an
Page 13 and 14: all household members, especially i
Page 15 and 16: family well-being are often higher
Page 17 and 18: “[b]y plugging the gap left by th
Page 19 and 20: As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
Page 21 and 22: analysis will also be as much infor
Page 23 and 24: not about bemoaning the limited acc
Page 25 and 26: approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
Page 27 and 28: d) Indicators of the social and eco
Page 29 and 30: Illiteracy creates a situation of d
Page 31 and 32: Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
Page 33 and 34: Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
Page 35 and 36: (Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
Page 37 and 38: percentages to the gross domestic p
Page 39 and 40: some trees were not supposed to be
Page 41 and 42: formulation will ensure their total
Page 43 and 44: the commons'. The concept of commun
Page 45 and 46: esources in these government estate
Page 47 and 48: management in Botswana and Namibia:
Page 49 and 50: Introduction This article seeks to
Page 51 and 52: esearchers come to study with backg
Page 53 and 54: the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57: The chief's personality This influe
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70: this also served to promote food se
Page 71 and 72: development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92: education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94: esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96: affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98: esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100: years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102: Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104: 6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106: that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108: to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110:
which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112:
communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114:
The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116:
conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118:
in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120:
Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122:
Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124:
Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 125 and 126:
Government or private agencies. Thi
Page 127 and 128:
credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130:
control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132:
implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134:
the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136:
eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138:
they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140:
the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142:
farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144:
8 Community-driven conflict resolut
Page 145 and 146:
approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148:
their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150:
well as centre-periphery thesis whi
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justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154:
marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156:
summarized and simplified versions
Page 157 and 158:
In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
Page 159 and 160:
Although the use of carrot and stic
Page 161 and 162:
abunzi and the formal system beckon
Page 163 and 164:
Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
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Conclusion All through the papers,
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About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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