Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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was initially envisaged. Yet areas bordering their communal areas and others far afield have underutilised or unproductive farms lying idle. With the effects of increasing pressure on the land pushing them, these landless communities might in the near future call for a revision of the land allocation process so that they equally benefit. The government through the ministry responsible should ensure that the recommendations of the Utete commission of 2003 and those of other independent experts be implemented to ensure an equitable land reform that benefits all deserving people. The industrial indigenisation drive from the beginning assumed elitist dimensions. With the crafters of the law seemingly out of touch with the reality on the ground as far as real empowerment is concerned, the stage was and is set for an elite driven and elite benefiting programme. An economic empowerment programme that ignores the unemployed youths both in the urban and the rural areas has various misgivings. Similarly, an empowerment programme that ignores the economic needs of women has various shortfalls. The youth and women constitute a large percentage of Zimbabwe's population, and unfortunately they are the most economically unempowered and most politically exploited groups. The only way to achieve the goals of economic empowerment in Zimbabwe is through availing as much resources to the informal sector as possible because this is where some of the unemployed youths and women have found economic refuge. The parcelling out of land to the deserving landless people in the dry and highly populated areas of the country could also introduce an element of justice into the land reform programme. This paper therefore seeks to critically review Zimbabwe's economic indigenisation drive and recommend the appropriate ways in which the programme can be used for social and economic justice. Land reform as economic empowerment While the concept of economic empowerment has various definitions and accompanying theoretical perspectives, the basic explanation of the phenomenon has to be found in the provision of economic capacity to targeted sections of the society by either 119
Government or private agencies. This could be done either through the provision of working space (land for farming, or for embarking on various income generating projects) or the provision of funding together with training on the prudent use of such resources for sustainable livelihoods. Any empowerment initiative must have a target group. The background to Zimbabwe's economic empowerment history is firmly anchored in the land reform process that began in the 1980s with the resettlement of about 71 000 landless households (Utete, 2003). However with the increasing demands for more land by people especially in overpopulated communal areas and the subsequent forceful occupation of both state land and private owned land by landless peasants, the government embarked on the fast track th land reform programme from the 15 of July 2000. Though a variety of factors are mentioned as having given momentum to the fast track land reform programme, the basic idea was the empowerment of previously landless people especially in the communal areas where pressure on land was and is still high. The A1 and the A2 models were aimed at the decongestion of communal areas and the creation of an indigenous group of black commercial farmers respectively. The controversies of land reform in Zimbabwe stem from the programme's divergent results. In its quest to empower the people of Zimbabwe through land redistribution, the Robert Mugabe led government in the same process was disempowering the white community which owned most of the farms targeted for land reform. The white farmers had mostly benefited from historical patterns in land allocation which mainly benefited the white community at the expense of indigenous blacks. After disempowering the white community in Zimbabwe through land seizures and related human rights abuses, punitive measures were implemented by the USA against the government of Zimbabwe through the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act (ZIDERA) of 2001 (Hondora, 2009) and a host of other restrictive measures impacting the government's viability. The United Kingdom (UK) under Tony Blair and various members of the white Commonwealth also made sure the Mugabe regime was punished for the land reform programme. It was the talk of 120
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Contents Introduction: The primacy
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its work on community, with special
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in Africa. The paper highlights the
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1 Women's access to microfinance an
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all household members, especially i
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family well-being are often higher
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“[b]y plugging the gap left by th
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As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
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analysis will also be as much infor
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not about bemoaning the limited acc
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approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
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d) Indicators of the social and eco
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Illiteracy creates a situation of d
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Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
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Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
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(Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
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percentages to the gross domestic p
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some trees were not supposed to be
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formulation will ensure their total
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the commons'. The concept of commun
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esources in these government estate
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management in Botswana and Namibia:
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Introduction This article seeks to
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esearchers come to study with backg
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the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
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case the chief's court sought the t
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The chief's personality This influe
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process of reporting a case is too
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and implies that offenders should r
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Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
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4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
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enlarging the range of their choice
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this also served to promote food se
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development strategies in Africa sh
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92: education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94: esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96: affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98: esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100: years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102: Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104: 6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106: that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108: to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110: which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112: communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114: The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116: conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118: in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120: Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122: Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123: Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
Page 127 and 128: credit facilities, new farmers in Z
Page 129 and 130: control 49 percent in any business
Page 131 and 132: implementation of investment progra
Page 133 and 134: the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
Page 135 and 136: eventual agreement on the implement
Page 137 and 138: they are simply recipients of polic
Page 139 and 140: the government embarks on a nationw
Page 141 and 142: farm ownership in the country. The
Page 143 and 144: 8 Community-driven conflict resolut
Page 145 and 146: approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
Page 147 and 148: their mediation skills.” The cell
Page 149 and 150: well as centre-periphery thesis whi
Page 151 and 152: justice In the post-genocide era, t
Page 153 and 154: marginalized and disenfranchised fr
Page 155 and 156: summarized and simplified versions
Page 157 and 158: In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
Page 159 and 160: Although the use of carrot and stic
Page 161 and 162: abunzi and the formal system beckon
Page 163 and 164: Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
Page 165 and 166: Conclusion All through the papers,
Page 167 and 168: About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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