Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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Africa's experience with the industrialisation process. (1) Agriculture and IK, which were the mainstay of Africa's economy, were given less importance by the two-sector economic model as a viable means of achieving Africa's industrialisation as well as sustainable development. It was suggested that the rural economy should perform a secondary role as an outlet for capital products (producing food for consumption and to facilitate production for export currency earning) and be a supplier of manpower. (2) By emphasising the perpetuation of capitalist infusion as a major means of Africa's development, Lewis' model contributed to insufficient agricultural investment, which resulted in the rising of food imports and the failure of export earnings to grow fast enough to provide the needed industrial inputs. (3) In the African countries that tried Lewis' model, industrialisation was very disappointing both in its inability to absorb the large numbers of workers it had attracted to urban areas and in its limited contribution to development outside the principal urban areas. (4) Finally, Lewis' model of development mainly concentrated on output and failed to take into account income distribution, welfare, and human satisfaction. Deng (1988) has argued that Lewis' development model desperately failed in Africa because it “sought to apply development models that were incompatible with African economic structure, social values, and institutions” [Deng, 1988:32]. Import Substitution (Prebisch-Singer Thesis) Prebisch and Singer developed the Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI) strategy. African countries that experimented with the ISI strategy, which was very predominant in the 1960s, were convinced that because of secular decline in the value of their export of agricultural products to their imports of manufactured products, their terms of trade were declining. (That is, export prices declined relative to import prices.) Nkrumah opted for the ISI Strategy. Other African countries followed Ghana's lead in the 1960's. Mali and Kenya looked at industrialisation in terms of cost savings from local production in place of high cost imports from abroad. Similarly, other African 67
countries seriously questioned why they should have to import manufactured products based on the raw materials they exported. As discussed by Todaro (1996), advocates of import substitution (Inward-looking development policy) believed that less developed countries (LDCs) should initially substitute domestic production of previously imported simple consumer goods (first-stage IS) and then substitute through domestic production for a wider range of more sophisticated manufactured items (second-stage IS)—all behind the protection of high tariffs and quotas on these imports. In the long run, IS advocates cited the benefits of greater domestic industrial diversification and the ultimate ability to export previously protected manufactured goods such as economies of scale, low labour costs, and the positive externalities of learning by doing therefore causing domestic prices to become more competitive with world prices. The Import-substitution industrialisation strategy raised the learning curve of the African countries that went through it. Nonetheless, it had the following limitations: (1) being secure behind protective tariff walls, its products were non-competitive and very expensive. (2) Import substitution's main beneficiaries were the owners of foreign direct investments. (3) The imported capital-good inputs and intermediate products that came under government subsidies contributed not only to heavy debt burden but also balance of payments deficits. (4) IS industrialisation policy negatively affected the exportation of traditional primary products because the exchange rates of some of the African countries were artificially overvalued in order to raise the prices of exports and lower the prices of imports. (5) Import substitution, which was created in order to stimulate infant industry growth and self-sustained industrialisation by creating forward and backward linkages with the rest of the economy, inhibited the industrialisation process. Under these economic conditions it seems that to develop a selfreliant development strategy for Africa would be impossible. It seems the academicians in the Universities failed to provide viable strategies for Africa's economic development in the 1950s and 1960s. African countries have tried to form political Pan African 68
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Contents Introduction: The primacy
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its work on community, with special
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in Africa. The paper highlights the
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1 Women's access to microfinance an
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all household members, especially i
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family well-being are often higher
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“[b]y plugging the gap left by th
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As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
Page 21 and 22: analysis will also be as much infor
Page 23 and 24: not about bemoaning the limited acc
Page 25 and 26: approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
Page 27 and 28: d) Indicators of the social and eco
Page 29 and 30: Illiteracy creates a situation of d
Page 31 and 32: Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
Page 33 and 34: Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
Page 35 and 36: (Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
Page 37 and 38: percentages to the gross domestic p
Page 39 and 40: some trees were not supposed to be
Page 41 and 42: formulation will ensure their total
Page 43 and 44: the commons'. The concept of commun
Page 45 and 46: esources in these government estate
Page 47 and 48: management in Botswana and Namibia:
Page 49 and 50: Introduction This article seeks to
Page 51 and 52: esearchers come to study with backg
Page 53 and 54: the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57 and 58: The chief's personality This influe
Page 59 and 60: process of reporting a case is too
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69 and 70: this also served to promote food se
Page 71: development strategies in Africa sh
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92: education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94: esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96: affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98: esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100: years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102: Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104: 6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106: that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108: to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110: which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112: communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114: The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116: conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118: in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120: Recommendations To work effectively
Page 121 and 122: Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
Page 123 and 124:
Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
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Government or private agencies. Thi
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credit facilities, new farmers in Z
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control 49 percent in any business
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implementation of investment progra
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the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
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eventual agreement on the implement
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they are simply recipients of polic
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the government embarks on a nationw
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farm ownership in the country. The
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8 Community-driven conflict resolut
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approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
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their mediation skills.” The cell
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well as centre-periphery thesis whi
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justice In the post-genocide era, t
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marginalized and disenfranchised fr
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summarized and simplified versions
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In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
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Although the use of carrot and stic
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abunzi and the formal system beckon
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Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
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Conclusion All through the papers,
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About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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