Beneficiaries are actors too.pdf - Southern Institute of Peace ...

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For centuries local communities have been managing their environments using IK technologies and knowhow. These have been proven to be superior in many cases than alien technologies. IK technologies and know-how rely on locally available skills and materials and are thus often more cost-effective than exotic technologies introduced from the outside (San Francisco Chronicle, 2002). This highlights the importance of IK in achieving sustainable development strategies. Models of development that have failed in Africa New Partnership for Development (NEPAD) Most development initiatives in Africa have been euro-centric in nature and focus, for instance the NEPAD strategy, which attributed the problem of underdevelopment to the malaise endemic in Africa. It was assumed that Africa would develop by following the footpaths of the Anglo-Saxon development experience and system under the neoliberal, Washington consensus ideology. Contrary to Africa's social values, these ethnocentric models placed heavy emphasis on free markets, deregulation and privatisation, and limited the role of the state in the development process. NEPAD does not present a sound economic model for development which is based on economic theory. Development models and strategies have been taken strait jacketed out of the university classrooms and handed over to international agencies including the IMF and the World Bank. NEPAD presented a strategy to obtain funds or loans from industrialised countries to finance African development efforts. This strategy has been implemented during the pre- and post colonial period but has not solved Africa's problems. This strategy was dubbed “Industrialisation by Invitation” (IBI). It was developed by Sir Arthur Lewis and implemented in former British colonies. It can be argued that NEPAD came out of Western policies for Africa and institutions that have been set up for Africa as “thinktanks” for developing African policies and as a result the strategy was suitable for a colonial Africa with the West being the major beneficiaries hence its failure to develop Africa to date. Viable 65
development strategies in Africa should be driven by an agrarian strategy of development which is based on IKS in that sector. The Lewis Models of Development Economic development as an academic discipline is of recent origin. Before then it was believed that developing countries would follow the footsteps of the developed countries. When development issues first surfaced in international debates in the 1950s, the then politically independent nations of Africa attempted to mechanically transform the Anglo-Saxon development models. In doing so, African countries heavily relied on Arthur Lewis' two-sector economic growth model to structure their economies. Furthermore, there was the African leaders' keen sense of the waste of their peoples' human potential under colonialism and the ambition to catch up with the industrial countries by taking advantage of their technology and of the aid that was expected to flow from them in growing amounts. Since Lewis' economic growth model was heavily endorsed by the United Nations (the First Development Decade of the 1960s – 1970s) and various funding agencies, it was accepted as the general theory of development for Third World nations when the tide of independence was swelling. Thus, the politically independent African countries wholeheartedly attempted to industrialise by instituting massive capital formation (industrialisation, urbanisation and technological transformation of the agriculture sector). Arthur Lewis argued that if the surplus labour available at subsistence wages in the rural areas were transferred to the urban areas, it could enhance capitalistic development. For economic growth to be achieved, Lewis proposed a structural transformation of a subsistence based agricultural economy into a modern industrial economy [Lewis, 1955]. Lewis' model assumed that Third World countries needed to follow the experience of the West in order to develop. In addition, the model assumed that the foreign investors would reinvest their profits in the newly independent countries rather than sending their profits to their mother countries. Lewis' two-sector model contributed the following problems to 66
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Sustainable peace and development a
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Contents Introduction: The primacy
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its work on community, with special
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in Africa. The paper highlights the
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1 Women's access to microfinance an
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all household members, especially i
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family well-being are often higher
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“[b]y plugging the gap left by th
Page 19 and 20: As at 30 July 2011 the country's ba
Page 21 and 22: analysis will also be as much infor
Page 23 and 24: not about bemoaning the limited acc
Page 25 and 26: approach the MFIs, is that “it wi
Page 27 and 28: d) Indicators of the social and eco
Page 29 and 30: Illiteracy creates a situation of d
Page 31 and 32: Disabilities: Lessons from Zambia a
Page 33 and 34: Abbreviations and acronyms CBNRM Co
Page 35 and 36: (Murindagomo, 1990). Its main appro
Page 37 and 38: percentages to the gross domestic p
Page 39 and 40: some trees were not supposed to be
Page 41 and 42: formulation will ensure their total
Page 43 and 44: the commons'. The concept of commun
Page 45 and 46: esources in these government estate
Page 47 and 48: management in Botswana and Namibia:
Page 49 and 50: Introduction This article seeks to
Page 51 and 52: esearchers come to study with backg
Page 53 and 54: the land US$750.00. Mudzi laid the
Page 55 and 56: case the chief's court sought the t
Page 57 and 58: The chief's personality This influe
Page 59 and 60: process of reporting a case is too
Page 61 and 62: and implies that offenders should r
Page 63 and 64: Cases reported to Chief Chounda bet
Page 65 and 66: 4 The role of Indigenous Knowledge
Page 67 and 68: enlarging the range of their choice
Page 69: this also served to promote food se
Page 73 and 74: countries seriously questioned why
Page 75 and 76: especting their realities and prior
Page 77 and 78: competing knowledge systems, charac
Page 79 and 80: impressive in transforming poor peo
Page 81 and 82: must be recognised if it is to be i
Page 83 and 84: implications for sustainable conser
Page 85 and 86: Pretty, J. N. (1994) Alternative sy
Page 87 and 88: Introduction The United Nations Edu
Page 89 and 90: Science educators have failed in th
Page 91 and 92: education in this historical era th
Page 93 and 94: esult may be disastrous. The HIV an
Page 95 and 96: affairs and ultimately the adoption
Page 97 and 98: esources, increasing green house ef
Page 99 and 100: years, and yet it is less than 100
Page 101 and 102: Fuchs, S. (2000) A social theory of
Page 103 and 104: 6 Re-examining the role of NGOs in
Page 105 and 106: that NGOs are involved in when tryi
Page 107 and 108: to see the causes of conflict as go
Page 109 and 110: which the oil is located are disgru
Page 111 and 112: communities putting into question t
Page 113 and 114: The controversies surrounding NGOs'
Page 115 and 116: conflict ridden African states, whe
Page 117 and 118: in resolving conflict and peace bui
Page 119 and 120: Recommendations To work effectively
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Juma, M.K. (2008) Conflict Preventi
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Introduction The Zimbabwean land re
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Government or private agencies. Thi
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credit facilities, new farmers in Z
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control 49 percent in any business
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implementation of investment progra
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the ice-berg. Disadvantaged areas m
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eventual agreement on the implement
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they are simply recipients of polic
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the government embarks on a nationw
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farm ownership in the country. The
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8 Community-driven conflict resolut
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approximately 800,000 Rwandans and
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their mediation skills.” The cell
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well as centre-periphery thesis whi
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justice In the post-genocide era, t
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marginalized and disenfranchised fr
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summarized and simplified versions
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In Rwanda for example, citizens cou
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Although the use of carrot and stic
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abunzi and the formal system beckon
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Kauzya, John-Mary. (2007) Political
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Conclusion All through the papers,
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About the editor Samuel Maruta is t
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